{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:58:02Z","timestamp":1792267082393,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastomas are impossible to completely resect and almost always recur at the borders of the resection margin. There is no established chemotherapy regimen available to patients who recur, while systemic treatment is hampered by the blood\u2013brain barrier. Here, we report on the first evaluation in humans of the intraparenchymal injection of irinotecan into the resection cavity after surgical resection of recurrent glioblastoma patients. The cytotoxicity of irinotecan was compared to SN-38 in primary cells from recurrent glioblastoma patients. Irinotecan was injected at multiple (~30) sites of the resection cavity wall at a depth of 3 to 5 mm. SN-38 was more cytotoxic than irinotecan at concentrations below 1 \u00b5M due to enzyme kinetics. The intraparenchymal administration of irinotecan was safe, with good wound healing and an absence of swelling, inflammation, or pseudo-abscess formation. The median survival post irinotecan administration was 32.6 weeks. The median overall survival was 30.5 months, with a two-year survival rate of 56%. This study demonstrates that local delivery of irinotecan into the brain parenchyma offers a safe route of administration over systemic delivery in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16173008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T08:01:47Z","timestamp":1724918507000},"page":"3008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Local Delivery of Irinotecan to Recurrent GBM Patients at Reoperation Offers a Safe Route of Administration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"McConville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lastakchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al Amri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desire","family":"Ngoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery, The Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwafikayo","family":"Fayeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garth","family":"Cruickshank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos218","article-title":"CBTRUS statistical report: Primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2005\u20132009","volume":"14","author":"Dolecek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0177-5","article-title":"Challenges to curing primary brain tumours","volume":"16","author":"Aldape","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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