{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:23:21Z","timestamp":1779103401938,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer-specific antigens have been a significant area of focus in cancer treatment since their discovery in the mid-twentieth century. Cancer germline antigens are a class of antigens specifically overexpressed in germline tissues and cancer cells. Among these, TSGA10 (testis-specific gene antigen 10) is of great interest because of its crucial impact on cancer progression. Early studies explored TSGA10 expression in a variety of cancer types. More recent studies revealed that TSGA10 can suppress tumor progression by blocking cancer cell metabolism, angiogenesis, and metastasis. An open question regarding the TSGA10 is why cancer cells must express a protein that prevents their progression. To answer this question, we conducted a comprehensive review to engage the TSGA10 in the context of the current understanding of \u201cmalignant transformation\u201d. This review demonstrated that TSGA10 expression level in cancer cells depends on the cancer stage across malignant transformation. In addition, we evaluated how TSGA10 expression can prevent the \u201ccancer hallmarks\u201d. Given this information, TSGA10 can be of great interest in developing effective targeted anti-cancer therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16173044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T07:59:40Z","timestamp":1725263980000},"page":"3044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring TSGA10 Function: A Crosstalk or Controlling Mechanism in the Signaling Pathway of Carcinogenesis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6195-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzad","family":"Taghizadeh-Hesary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mobina","family":"Ghadyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Chester CH2 1BR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9681-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatah","family":"Kashanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1266-1602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak","family":"Behnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avicenna Biotech Research, Germantown, MD 20871, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7002","article-title":"The Expression, Modulation and Use of Cancer-Testis Antigens as Potential Biomarkers for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03515.x","article-title":"Over-Expression of the Testis-Specific Gene TSGA10 in Cancers and Its Immunogenicity","volume":"48","author":"Tanaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2017.07.007","article-title":"Identification of New TSGA10 Transcript Variants in Human Testis with Conserved Regulatory RNA Elements in 5\u2019untranslated Region and Distinct Expression in Breast Cancer","volume":"1860","author":"Salehipour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(00)00519-9","article-title":"Identification and Characterisation of a Novel Gene, TSGA10, Expressed in Testis","volume":"262","author":"Modarressi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2010.07.012","article-title":"Filament-Associated TSGA10 Protein Is Expressed in Professional Antigen Presenting Cells and Interacts with Vimentin","volume":"265","author":"Roghanian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00648-6","article-title":"TSGA10 as a Potential Key Factor in the Process of Spermatid Differentiation\/Maturation: Deciphering Its Association with Autophagy Pathway","volume":"28","author":"Asgari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.03.240","article-title":"Expression of Tsga10 Sperm Tail Protein in Embryogenesis and Neural Development: From Cilium to Cell Division","volume":"344","author":"Behnam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm118","article-title":"Testis-expressed protein TSGA10 an auto-antigen in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I","volume":"20","author":"Reimand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2010.02486.x","article-title":"TSGA10\u2014A Target for Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1 and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"73","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2005.11.012","article-title":"Expression of the Testis-Specific Gene, TSGA10, in Iranian Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)","volume":"30","author":"Mobasheri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdp.2007.05.002","article-title":"Expression of Two Testis-Specific Genes, TSGA10 and SYCP3, in Different Cancers Regarding to Their Pathological Features","volume":"31","author":"Mobasheri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Detect. Prev."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"161","article-title":"TSGA10 Is Specifically Expressed in Astrocyte and Over-Expressed in Brain Tumors","volume":"1","author":"Behnam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv461","article-title":"New Function of TSGA10 Gene in Angiogenesis and Tumor Metastasis: A Response to a Challengeable Paradox","volume":"25","author":"Mansouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2019.12.002","article-title":"TSGA10 Over Expression Decreases Metastasic and Metabolic Activity by Inhibiting HIF-1 in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"51","author":"Jahani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144856","article-title":"Anti-Angiogenic Effects of Testis-Specific Gene Antigen 10 on Primary Endothelial Cells","volume":"754","author":"Valipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"727","article-title":"\u201cReinforcement\u201d by Tumor Microenvironment: The Seventh \u201cR\u201d of Radiobiology","volume":"119","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"179","article-title":"Testis Specific Gene 10 Expression in the Testes of Patients with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia","volume":"7","author":"Aarabi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infertil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2006.05.058","article-title":"TSGA10 Prevents Nuclear Localization of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1\u03b1","volume":"580","author":"Behnam","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2019.01.003","article-title":"Contribution and Prognostic Value of TSGA10 Gene Expression in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)","volume":"215","author":"Hoseinkhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2651","article-title":"Effects and Interactions of MiR-577 and TSGA10 in Regulating Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.15171\/bi.2019.19","article-title":"Functional Expression and Impact of Testis-Specific Gene Antigen 10 in Breast Cancer: A Combined in Vitro and in Silico Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Asgharzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioimpacts"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazerani, R., Salehipour, P., Shah Mohammadi, M., Amanzadeh Jajin, E., and Modarressi, M.H. (2023). Identification of TSGA10 and GGNBP2 Splicing Variants in 5\u2032 Untranslated Region with Distinct Expression Profiles in Brain Tumor Samples. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1075638"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0183-6","article-title":"Metastasis-associated miR-23a from nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived exosomes mediates angiogenesis by repressing a novel target gene TSGA10","volume":"37","author":"Bao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10374","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102462","article-title":"Hypoxia-Induced microRNA-10b-3p Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Growth and Metastasis by Targeting TSGA10","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06669.x","article-title":"Identification of the Testis-Specific Protein 10 (TSGA10) as Serologically Defined Tumour-Associated Antigen in Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: CTCL-Associated Antigen TSGA10","volume":"153","author":"Theinert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Kao, C., Yang, F., Wang, F., Yin, G., Wang, Y., He, Y., Ji, J., and Liu, L. (2022). Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Model to Identify Biomarkers Associated With Prognosis of Breast Cancer. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.899900"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.3611","article-title":"Expression of Testis Specific Genes TSGA10, TEX101 and ODF3 in Breast Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Dianatpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. Red Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Chen, W., Luo, C., and Zhang, W. (2022). Exploring a Four-Gene Risk Model Based on Doxorubicin Resistance-Associated lncRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1015842"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.166","article-title":"Tumour Heterogeneity and Resistance to Cancer Therapies","volume":"15","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04592-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial Metabolism: A Predictive Biomarker of Radiotherapy Efficacy and Toxicity","volume":"149","author":"Houshyari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81683-9","article-title":"The Hallmarks of Cancer","volume":"100","author":"Hanahan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: The next Generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregorio, J., Petricca, S., Iorio, R., Toniato, E., and Flati, V. (2022). Mitochondrial and Metabolic Alterations in Cancer Cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2022.151225"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, R., Liao, C., and Zhang, Q. (2021). Hypoxia-Driven Effects in Cancer: Characterization, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030678"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40675-017-0062-7","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Cancer","volume":"3","author":"Jun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Sleep. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, H., Pegg, H.J., Thompson, J., Bates, C., and Shore, P. (2018). HIF1-Alpha Expressing Cells Induce a Hypoxic-like Response in Neighbouring Cancer Cells. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4577-1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.144","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: The History, Regulatory Mechanism, and Cancer Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.01.010","article-title":"Hypoxia Enhances Migration and Invasion in Glioblastoma by Promoting a Mesenchymal Shift Mediated by the HIF1\u03b1\u2013ZEB1 Axis","volume":"359","author":"Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1691","article-title":"Direct regulation of TWIST by HIF-1alpha promotes metastasis","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-014-3328-x","article-title":"Stabilization of Snail by HIF-1\u03b1 and TNF-\u03b1 Is Required for Hypoxia-Induced Invasion in Prostate Cancer PC3 Cells","volume":"41","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-14-0788","article-title":"How Does Multistep Tumorigenesis Really Proceed?","volume":"5","author":"Chaffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9653244","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9653244","article-title":"Cancer Stem Cells: From an Insight into the Basics to Recent Advances and Therapeutic Targeting","volume":"2022","author":"Bisht","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24678","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem Cells: At the Crossroads of Differentiation and Dedifferentiation","volume":"248","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2021.01.005","article-title":"Conflicting Metabolic Alterations in Cancer Stem Cells and Regulation by the Stromal Niche","volume":"17","author":"Yasuda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"733","article-title":"Cell Energy: A New Hypothesis in Decoding Cancer Evolution","volume":"22","author":"Akbari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"217","article-title":"TSGA10 Is a Centrosomal Protein, Interacts with ODF2 and Localizes to Basal Body","volume":"6","author":"Behnam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.09.011","article-title":"Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1, for Cancer Treatment: Recent Advances in Developing Small-Molecule Inhibitors from Natural Compounds","volume":"80","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt241","article-title":"Lysyl Oxidase-like-2 Promotes Tumour Angiogenesis and Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in Angiogenic Tumours","volume":"34","author":"Marshall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2019.103952","article-title":"TSGA10 Overexpression Inhibits Angiogenesis of HUVECs: A HIF-2\u03b1 Biased Perspective","volume":"128","author":"Amoorahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, N.J., and Schiemann, W.P. (2022). Telomerase in Cancer: Function, Regulation, and Clinical Translation. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030808"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3708","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207460","article-title":"HIF-1-mediated activation of telomerase in cervical cancer cells","volume":"23","author":"Yatabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109757","article-title":"HIF-1 Recruits NANOG as a Coactivator for TERT Gene Transcription in Hypoxic Breast Cancer Stem Cells","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-020-09937-z","article-title":"Centrosome Amplification: A Quantifiable Cancer Cell Trait with Prognostic Value in Solid Malignancies","volume":"40","author":"Mittal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2013.56","article-title":"Human Microcephaly Protein CEP135 Binds to hSAS-6 and CPAP, and Is Required for Centriole Assembly","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E18-10-0674","article-title":"CEP135 Isoform Dysregulation Promotes Centrosome Amplification in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"30","author":"Pearson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.064931","article-title":"Stepwise Evolution of the Centriole-Assembly Pathway","volume":"123","author":"Machado","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Tameemi, W., Dale, T.P., Al-Jumaily, R.M.K., and Forsyth, N.R. (2019). Hypoxia-Modified Cancer Cell Metabolism. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00004"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Akbari, H., Bahadori, M., and Behnam, B. (2022). Targeted Anti-Mitochondrial Therapy: The Future of Oncology. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202201.0171.v3"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12889","article-title":"Tsga10 Is Essential for Arrangement of Mitochondrial Sheath and Male Fertility in Mice","volume":"9","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boulton, D.P., and Caino, M.C. (2022). Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion in Tumor Progression to Metastasis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.849962"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarmiento-Salinas, F.L., Delgado-Magall\u00f3n, A., Montes-Alvarado, J.B., Ram\u00edrez-Ram\u00edrez, D., Flores-Alonso, J.C., Cort\u00e9s-Hern\u00e1ndez, P., Reyes-Leyva, J., Herrera-Camacho, I., Anaya-Ruiz, M., and Pelayo, R. (2019). Breast Cancer Subtypes Present a Differential Production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Susceptibility to Antioxidant Treatment. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00480"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2022.10.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of cancer metastasis","volume":"87","author":"Castaneda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, L., Giannico, D., Leone, P., Solimando, A.G., Maiorano, E., Caporusso, C., Duda, L., Tamma, R., Mallamaci, R., and Susca, N. (2020). HB-EGF\u2013EGFR Signaling in Bone Marrow Endothelial Cells Mediates Angiogenesis Associated with Multiple Myeloma. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010173"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, S.Y., Wu, V.W.C., and Law, H.K.W. (2020). Hypoxia-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancers: HIF-1\u03b1 and Beyond. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00486"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.03.006","article-title":"Cancer Germline Antigens and Tumor-Agnostic CD8(+) T Cell Evasion","volume":"43","author":"Kortleve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nocquet, L., Juin, P.P., and Souaz\u00e9, F. (2020). Mitochondria at Center of Exchanges between Cancer Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts during Tumor Progression. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12103017"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-0805-7","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promote Prostate Cancer Malignancy via Metabolic Rewiring and Mitochondrial Transfer","volume":"38","author":"Ippolito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.02.019","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promote Irradiated Cancer Cell Recovery Through Autophagy","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01428-1","article-title":"Crosstalk between Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: New Findings and Future Perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2019.152729","article-title":"Tumor Microenvironment Components: Allies of Cancer Progression","volume":"216","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-015-1937-y","article-title":"The Prognostic Significance of Bromodomain PHD-Finger Transcription Factor in Colorectal Carcinoma and Association with Vimentin and E-Cadherin","volume":"141","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.038083","article-title":"Centrosome positioning in vertebrate development","volume":"125","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, L. (2023). Epigenetic Alterations Impede Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition by Modulating Centrosome Amplification and Myc\/RAS Axis in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29712-8"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olivares-Urbano, M.A., Gri\u00f1\u00e1n-Lis\u00f3n, C., Marchal, J.A., and N\u00fa\u00f1ez, M.I. (2020). CSC Radioresistance: A Therapeutic Challenge to Improve Radiotherapy Effectiveness in Cancer. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071651"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5416923","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5416923","article-title":"Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) in Drug Resistance and Their Therapeutic Implications in Cancer Treatment","volume":"2018","author":"Phi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.20517\/cdr.2022.19","article-title":"Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy: What Is the Role of Cancer Stem Cells?","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00261-0","article-title":"Exosomes: Key Players in Cancer and Potential Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1376","article-title":"Outcome of Hypofractionated Breast Irradiation and Intraoperative Electron Boost in Early Breast Cancer: A Randomized Non-Inferiority Clinical Trial","volume":"4","author":"Fadavi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1425","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1425","article-title":"Randomized Trial on Acute Toxicities of Weekly vs Three-weekly cisplatin-based Chemoradiation in Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Ameri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-475738420150019","article-title":"Ionizing Radiation-Induced DNA Injury and Damage Detection in Patients with Breast Cancer","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Wenz, F. (2019). Cell Cycle Effects in Radiation Oncology. Radiation Oncology, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00640-9","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment and radioresistance","volume":"53","author":"Suwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13959.1","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying oxygen-dependent radiosensitivity","volume":"183","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21771","article-title":"The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 in Tumor Immune Evasion","volume":"41","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91287-5_27","article-title":"Hypoxia-\/HIF-1\u03b1-Driven Factors of the Tumor Microenvironment Impeding Antitumor Immune Responses and Promoting Malignant Progression","volume":"1072","author":"Vaupel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159473","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI159473","article-title":"Cross-Talk between HIF and PD-1\/PD-L1 Pathways in Carcinogenesis and Therapy","volume":"132","author":"Shurin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sethumadhavan, S., Silva, M., Philbrook, P., Nguyen, T., Hatfield, S.M., Ohta, A., and Sitkovsky, M.V. (2017). Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Downregulate Antigen-Presenting MHC Class I Molecules Limiting Tumor Cell Recognition by T Cells. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187314"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00530-7","article-title":"Hypoxia Inducible Factor HIF-1 Promotes Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Accumulation through ENTPD2\/CD39L1 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0333-1","article-title":"Immunosuppression Mediated by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) during Tumour Progression","volume":"120","author":"Groth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behnam, B., and Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2023). Mitochondrial Metabolism: A New Dimension of Personalized Oncology. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0482.v1"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/17\/3044\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:46:22Z","timestamp":1760111182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/17\/3044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16173044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16173044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]}}}