{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T21:51:10Z","timestamp":1778968270094,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz, Poland","award":["503\/1-093-01\/503-11-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-093-01\/503-11-004"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Lodz, Poland","award":["503\/1093-1\/503-11-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1093-1\/503-11-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare indolent B-cell lymphoid malignancy. The majority of patients are asymptomatic and HCL is usually diagnosed incidentally during a routine blood cell count. In symptomatic patients, typical symptoms are related to pancytopenia and splenomegaly. In this review, we present rare clinical symptoms in patients with HCL. Methods: A literature search was conducted of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar for articles concerning hairy cell leukemia, leukemia cutis, bone lesions, neurological manifestations, pulmonary symptoms, ocular manifestations, cardiac manifestation and rare symptoms. Publications from January 1980 to August 2024 were scrutinized. Additional relevant publications were obtained by reviewing the references from the chosen articles. Results: Extramedullary and extranodal manifestations of classic HCL are rare. However, leukemic involvement in the skin, bone, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung, ocular system and other organs have been reported.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16173054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T07:59:40Z","timestamp":1725263980000},"page":"3054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Rare Clinical Symptoms in Hairy Cell Leukemia: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Robak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of General Hematology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-510 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3804-7042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Janus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Hematology, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-510 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Guminska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-513 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4633-9160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Robak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-689422","article-title":"Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with classic hairy cell leukemia","volume":"129","author":"Grever","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v100","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv200","article-title":"Hairy cell leukaemia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Robak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hoffman, R., Benz, E.J., Shatil, S.J., Furie, B., Silberstein, L.E., McGlave, P., and Heslop, H. (2009). Chapter 84-Hairy cell leukaemia. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice, Churchill livingStone\/Elsevier. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000771","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia: A brief update on current knowledge and treatment prospects","volume":"33","author":"Robak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_920_17","article-title":"Clinicopathological spectrum of hairy-cell leukemia: A single-center study with brief review of Indian literature","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-857938","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia in a child?!","volume":"132","author":"Bosma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16356-3","article-title":"Simple diagnostic assay for hairy cell leukaemia by immunocytochemical detection of annexin A1 (ANXA1)","volume":"363","author":"Falini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014209","article-title":"BRAF mutations in hairy-cell leukemia","volume":"364","author":"Tiacci","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2020.2020069","article-title":"Atypical presentation of hairy cell leukemia: A report and comprehensive review","volume":"55","author":"Pattnaik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-0734.2002.00304.x","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia: Biology, clinical diagnosis, unusual manifestations and associated disorders","volume":"6","author":"Polliack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2015.10.020","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia: Uncommon clinical features, unusual sites of involvement and some rare associations","volume":"28","author":"Tadmor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.188432","article-title":"Atypical presentation of hairy cell leukemia: Significance of CD200 on flow cytometry","volume":"14","author":"Rahman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1159\/000536043","article-title":"Unusual clinical presentations of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"147","author":"Troussard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04349-z","article-title":"Skin changes in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"100","author":"Robak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)80454-5","article-title":"Cutaneous findings in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Finan","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2021.106571","article-title":"Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis at diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia successfully treated with vemurafenib and rituximab","volume":"104","author":"Robak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robak, E., Braun, M., and Robak, T. (2023). Leukemia cutis\u2014The current view on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.0556.v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1309\/WYACYWF6NGM3WBRT","article-title":"Leukemia cutis","volume":"129","author":"Medeiros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Parsi, M., Go, M.S., and Ahmed, A. (2024, August 02). Leukemia Cutis. [Updated 17 July 2023], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541136\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1983.01650280050015","article-title":"Cutaneous lesions in hairy-cell leukemia. Case report and review of the literature","volume":"119","author":"Lawrence","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2257.2000.00283.x","article-title":"Severe skin rash in two consecutive patients treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for hairy cell leukaemia at a single institution","volume":"22","author":"Grey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.5301\/tj.5000487","article-title":"Leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with hairy cell leukemia at diagnosis: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"102","author":"Broccoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Vasculitis in hairy cell leukaemia: Review of literature and consideration of possible pathogenic mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Gabriel","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23085","article-title":"Vasculitides associated with malignancies: Analysis of sixty patients","volume":"57","author":"Fain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25597","article-title":"A rash in a hairy situation: Leukocytoclastic vasculitis at presentation of hairy cell Leukemia","volume":"94","author":"Moyers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(95)80026-3","article-title":"Vasculitides in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"25","author":"Hasler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5070\/D3218502GG","article-title":"Sweet syndrome as the presenting symptom of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"15","author":"Ventura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.12.1551","article-title":"Sweet syndrome as the presenting symptom of relapsed hairy cell leukemia","volume":"138","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7343","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.7343","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia with isolated bone lesions","volume":"11","author":"Cailly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)90616-2","article-title":"Bone involvement in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"74","author":"Quesada","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13505","article-title":"Bone lesions in hairy cell leukemia: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"105","author":"Robak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"803921","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia presenting with isolated skeletal involvement successfully treated by radiation therapy and cladribine: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"2015","author":"Hindilerden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"e12959","article-title":"Lytic Bone Lesion: An Unusual presentation of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Fasulo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30609-0","article-title":"Hairy cell leukaemia mimicking multiple myeloma","volume":"20","author":"Notarfranchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V74.6.2066.2066","article-title":"Diffuse osteosclerosis in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"74","author":"VanderMolen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"172","article-title":"Pathologic fracture occurring 22 years after diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia: Case report and literature review","volume":"170","author":"Snell","year":"1999","journal-title":"West. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228933","article-title":"Extensive infiltration of bone with marrow necrosis in a case of hairy cell leukaemia","volume":"24","author":"Hudson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1988.6.8.1280","article-title":"Skeletal complications in hairy cell leukaemia: Diagnosis and therapy","volume":"6","author":"Lembersky","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20785","article-title":"Treatment options in skeletal localizations of hairy cell leukemia: A systematic review on the role of radiation therapy","volume":"82","author":"Filippi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1080\/1042819021000016122","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia presenting as localized skeletal involvement","volume":"43","author":"Lal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"290","article-title":"Localized bone disease as a presentation of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"6","author":"Karmali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Adv. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04121-3","article-title":"Multifocal osteolytic lesions in hairy cell leukemia-the importance of PET\/CT in diagnosis and assessment","volume":"100","author":"Robak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e410","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.5301","article-title":"Hairy-cell leukemia presenting as lytic bone lesions","volume":"31","author":"Gray","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"548","article-title":"Unusual presentation of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"85","author":"Spedini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"370","article-title":"Autopsy findings in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Vardiman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(05)80156-4","article-title":"Diffuse pulmonary disease associated with hairy cell leukemia","volume":"2","author":"Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198212303072707","article-title":"A 50-year-old man with hairy cell leukemia, recurrent fever, and variable pulmonary infiltrates","volume":"307","author":"Fields","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00292-019-0586-3","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage in hairy cell leukemia with pulmonary infiltration","volume":"40","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathologe"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmr.2010.05.002","article-title":"Lung involvement in lymphoid and lympho-plasmocytic proliferations (except lymphomas)","volume":"27","author":"Uzunhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2022.026","article-title":"Pulmonary damage in a patient with hairy cell leukemia-infectious involvement or hematological disease activity? Case report","volume":"167","author":"Ecsiova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky. Olomouc Czech Repub."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azoulay, E. (2011). Hairy cell leukemia with pulmonary infiltrates. Pulmonary Involvement in Patients with Hematological Malignancies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15742-4"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1984.04050140100035","article-title":"Neurologic complications of hairy cell 176 leukemia","volume":"41","author":"Kimmel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia","volume":"102","author":"Plenderleith","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840915)54:6<1085::AID-CNCR2820540626>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Leukemic meningitis in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. A case report","volume":"54","author":"Wolfe","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01733668","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement 182 in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"63","author":"Knecht","year":"1985","journal-title":"Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1985.04060080017005","article-title":"Involvement of the nervous system in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"42","author":"Pinaudeau","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"247","article-title":"Leukemic meningitis in a patient with hairy cell leukemia. A 186 case report","volume":"29","author":"Navarrete","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nouv. Rev. Fr. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.44.8787","article-title":"Rare case of hairy cell leukemia with brain parenchymal involvement: A diagnostic dilemma","volume":"31","author":"Chandana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2952","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2016.1177773","article-title":"Response of relapsed central nervous system hairy cell leukemia to vemurafenib","volume":"57","author":"McDowell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017004697","article-title":"Multifocal brain involvement in a patient with hairy cell leukemia successfully treated with rituximab and cladribine","volume":"1","author":"Perry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3171\/SPI.2008.9.10.374","article-title":"Extranodal hairy cell leukemia presenting in the lumbar spine","volume":"9","author":"Rosen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.841","article-title":"Atypical meningeal localization of classical hairy cell leukemia with an impressive response to rituximab and cladribine association. A case report and literature review","volume":"5","author":"Claves","year":"2024","journal-title":"eJHaem"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, A.E., Raju, A.R., Jacob, A., and Hildebrandt, G.C. (2023). Case report: A case of classic hairy cell leukemia with CNS involvement treated with vemurafenib. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1100577"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-024-05854-1","article-title":"Extramedullary and extranodal manifestations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia-an update","volume":"103","author":"Robak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1159\/000535066","article-title":"A rare clinical case of secondary central nervous system involvement without transformation in hairy cell leukemia: A case report and literature review","volume":"147","author":"Ito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dreyling, M., and Ladetto, M. (2021). Hairy Cell Leukemia. Indolent Lymphomas. Hematologic Malignancies, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55989-2"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(91)90117-8","article-title":"An unusual case of hairy cell leukemia: Death due to leukostasis and intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"22","author":"Ng","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20618","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in a patient with hairy cell leukemia","volume":"81","author":"Kahraman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2023.11.011","article-title":"Beyond the norm: Unusual orbital manifestation of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"59","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1963.00960040566005","article-title":"Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis with presenting ocular complaints: Report of acase","volume":"69","author":"Deitch","year":"1963","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70543-4","article-title":"Ocular manifestation of hairy cell leukemia with dramatic response to 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine","volume":"121","author":"Robinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210901900228","article-title":"Visualdis-turbance as initial presentation of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"19","author":"Charalel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1159\/000027325","article-title":"Unilateral retinal vasculitis associated with hairy cell leukaemia: Immunogenetic study","volume":"212","author":"Redaelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1992.tb00951.x","article-title":"Limbal nodules in Sweet\u2019s syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Davies","year":"1992","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)98024-1","article-title":"Lymphoproliferative lesions of the ocular adnexa: Analysis of 112 cases","volume":"105","author":"Coupland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199609052436","article-title":"Panuveitis responsive to 2-CdA: An unusual ocular presentation of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"20","author":"Zeidman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2023.02.002","article-title":"Spontaneous subperiosteal orbital hematoma as a presenting sign of hairy cell leukemia in a patient with a long-standing orbital implant","volume":"58","author":"North","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1046086","article-title":"Retinopathy as the first symptom of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"199","author":"Bertram","year":"1991","journal-title":"Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"157","article-title":"A visual disorder as the initial symptom of hairy cell leukemia","volume":"116","author":"Bertram","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"463","article-title":"An unusual course in hairy-cell leukemia with marked abdominal lymphadenopathy, leukemic infiltration of the cornea and skin changes","volume":"42","author":"Podzimek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vnitr. Lek."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"152","article-title":"Leukemick\u00e9 infiltr\u00e1ty rohovky u nemocn\u00e9 leuk\u00e9mi\u00eds \u201cvlasat\u00fdmi bunkami\u201d [Leukemic infiltration of the cornea in a patient with hairy-cell leukemia]","volume":"51","author":"Abulgasim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cesk Slov. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.41.3.289","article-title":"Arthritis associated with hairy cell leukaemia","volume":"41","author":"Sattar","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780271114","article-title":"Leukaemia associated arthritis: Indentification of leukaemic cells in synovial fluid using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies","volume":"27","author":"Harden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)91474-0","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis and hairy-cell leukaemia","volume":"314","author":"Crofts","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1985.tb02835.x","article-title":"Autoimmune disease in hairy-cell leukaemia: Clinical syndromes and treatment","volume":"61","author":"Westbrook","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780241222","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia and rheumatoid arthritis: Cause or effect","volume":"24","author":"Facchini","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"e35912","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) presenting with joint swelling: Case report and literature review of a rare rheumatological manifestation of a hematological disease","volume":"15","author":"Anil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/30.5.391-a","article-title":"Hairy cell leukaemia and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Taylor","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"S18","article-title":"Recombinant gamma interferon in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Wolfe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2008.11.011","article-title":"Hairy-cell leukemia with inaugural joint manifestations","volume":"76","author":"Raimbourg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"749","article-title":"Polyarthrite r\u00e9v\u00e9latrice d\u2019une leuc\u00e9mie \u00e0 tricholeucocytes","volume":"59","author":"Troussard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Rhum. Mal. Osteoartic."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2010.05.003","article-title":"Hairy-cell leukemia variant: Recent view on diagnosis, biology and treatment","volume":"37","author":"Robak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18060","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.18060","article-title":"Untangling hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) variant and other HCL-like disorders: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Troussard","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01620-2","article-title":"The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: Lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Alaggio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015851","article-title":"The International Consensus Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms: A report from the Clinical Advisory Committee","volume":"140","author":"Campo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-024-02280-0","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia variant and WHO classification correspondence Re: 5th edition WHO classification haematolymphoid tumors: Lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"38","author":"Grever","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"33","article-title":"Hairy Cell Leukemia","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia [Internet]"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-014-0442-9","article-title":"Unusual presentation of hairy cell leukemia: A case series of four clinically unsuspected cases","volume":"30","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013502","article-title":"How I treat refractory\/relapsed hairy cell leukemia with BRAF inhibitors","volume":"139","author":"Falini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2023.2193323","article-title":"Refractory and relapsed hairy-cell leukemia (HCL): Casting light on promising experimental drugs in clinical trials","volume":"32","author":"Robak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2019.1608536","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia: Present and future directions","volume":"60","author":"Kreitman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1987.tb00581.x","article-title":"Pyoderma gangrenosum and hairy cell leukemia","volume":"1","author":"Kaplan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-016-0713-8","article-title":"Bullous pyoderma gangrenosum associated with hairy cell leukemia and its complete response to cladribine therapy","volume":"33","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian. J. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2015.30.5.739","article-title":"Complete recovery of pyoderma gangrenosum after successful treatment of underlying hairy cell leukemia with cladribine","volume":"30","author":"Tombak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)90294-0","article-title":"Hairy-cell leukaemia with polyarteritis nodosa","volume":"2","author":"Elkon","year":"1979","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/30.2.157","article-title":"Hairy-cell leukaemia-associated polyarthritis: A report of two cases","volume":"30","author":"Zervas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00351002","article-title":"Skeletal involvement in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"17","author":"Herold","year":"1988","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e458","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002557","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT for staging and evaluation of therapy in a patient with unusual hairy cell leukemia presentation","volume":"44","author":"Doma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90634-0","article-title":"Disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection in patients with hairy cell leukemia","volume":"80","author":"Bennett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19810715)48:2<380::AID-CNCR2820480226>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia: Association with disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection","volume":"48","author":"Weinstein","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23247096241253343","DOI":"10.1177\/23247096241253343","article-title":"Concomitantly diagnosed disseminated M kansasii infection and hairy cell leukemia with review of pathophysiology","volume":"12","author":"Stanton","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. High. Impact Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2162-5","article-title":"A patient diagnosed with BRAF-mutated non-small cell lung cancer and hairy cell leukemia: At last, which entity is really carrying the BRAF mutation?","volume":"94","author":"Schlick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1159\/000486640","article-title":"Concomitant non-small cell lung cancer and hairy cell leukemia in a patient harboring BRAF-V600E mutation in both tissues: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Mitsogianni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2019.05.056","article-title":"Acute profound sensorineural hearing loss as the initial manifestation of hairy cell leukemia, case report and literature review","volume":"60","author":"AlEnazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199309147381","article-title":"Sudden onset deafness as a presenting manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Nageris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-59989570095-1","article-title":"Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss as a first symptom of chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"113","author":"Genden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-007-0382-1","article-title":"Unilateral sudden hearing loss as the first sign of chronic myeloid leukemia","volume":"264","author":"Acar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-023-05433-w","article-title":"A case of sudden hearing loss in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia","volume":"102","author":"Babakhanlou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200604000-00026","article-title":"Rapid hearing loss in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Naraev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19830415)51:8<1497::AID-CNCR2820510824>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Hepatic involvement in hairy cell leukemia","volume":"51","author":"Yam","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"e39830","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia: Hepatic affinity status post splenectomy","volume":"15","author":"Dhanesar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.4453","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia presenting as multiple discrete hepatic lesions","volume":"15","author":"Sahar","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e252423","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-252423","article-title":"Oncological management dilemma: A rare presentation of hairy cell leukaemia with hepatic involvement presenting concomitantly with pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Bazzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.157489","article-title":"Hairy Cell Leukemia Presenting with Duodenal Involvement Duodenum: A Case Report","volume":"7","author":"Sen","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpt.2023.01.003","article-title":"Unusual presentation of gastric cancer during treatment of hairy cell leukemia: Exploring the etiological basis of this rare phenomenon","volume":"1","author":"Tariq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Pathog. Ther."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-3378-6","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia presenting with progressive pericarditis and pleuritis","volume":"97","author":"Iwashige","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199709051794","article-title":"The development of congestive cardiac failure in a patient with hairy cell leukemia treated with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine","volume":"26","author":"Koczwara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(91)90332-Y","article-title":"Inhibition of phosphorylation of troponin in rat heart by adenosine and 5-chloro-5-deoxyadenosine","volume":"42","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-011-0132-9","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia masquerading as infective endocarditis","volume":"29","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian. J. Hematol. Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.74.871.313","article-title":"Reversible cardiomyopathy in a patient with hairy cell leukaemia","volume":"74","author":"Sucak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-3-35","article-title":"Autoimmune conditions and hairy cell leukemia: An exploratory case-control study","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"497027","article-title":"Primary hairy cell leukemia\/lymphoma of the breast: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"2014","author":"Pilichowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"1562","article-title":"Hairy cell leukemia: A rare differential for a pancreatic mass","volume":"118","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/17\/3054\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:46:48Z","timestamp":1760111208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/17\/3054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16173054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16173054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]}}}