{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:45:17Z","timestamp":1793119517213,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":214,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]],"date-time":"2024-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral cavity and lip cancers are the 16th most common cancer in the world. It is widely known that a lack of public knowledge about precancerous lesions, oral cancer symptoms, and risk factors leads to diagnostic delay and therefore a lower survival rate. Risk factors, which include drinking alcohol, smoking, HPV infection, a pro-inflammatory factor-rich diet, and poor oral hygiene, must be known and avoided by the general population. Regular clinical oral examinations should be enriched in an oral cancer search protocol for the most common symptoms, which are summarized in this review. Moreover, new diagnostic methods, some of which are already available (vital tissue staining, optical imaging, oral cytology, salivary biomarkers, artificial intelligence, colposcopy, and spectroscopy), and newly researched techniques increase the likelihood of stopping the pathological process at a precancerous stage. Well-established oral cancer treatments (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy) are continuously being developed using novel technologies, increasing their success rate. Additionally, new techniques are being researched. This review presents a novel glance at oral cancer\u2014its current classification and epidemiology\u2014and will provide new insights into the development of new diagnostic methods and therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16183156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T10:56:57Z","timestamp":1726484217000},"page":"3156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Epidemiology, Diagnostics, and Therapy of Oral Cancer\u2014Update Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2800-8833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Kijowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chod\u017aki 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2157-9132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Grzegorczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chod\u017aki 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6463-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Gliwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chod\u017aki 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9146-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"J\u0119dras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chod\u017aki 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9884-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Sitarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chod\u017aki 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00224-3","article-title":"Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.08.021","article-title":"Screening for Oral Cancer\u2014A Perspective from the Global Oral Cancer Forum","volume":"123","author":"Speight","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Surg. 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