{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:13:43Z","timestamp":1792113223181,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Center Support Grant","award":["30CA 033572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30CA 033572"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Cancer Institute (NCI) Cancer Center Support Grant","award":["R01 CA229510-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA229510-01"]}]},{"name":"City of Hope, NIH\/NCI","award":["30CA 033572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30CA 033572"]}]},{"name":"City of Hope, NIH\/NCI","award":["R01 CA229510-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA229510-01"]}]},{"name":"The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Clinical Scholar Award to C. Querfeld","award":["30CA 033572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30CA 033572"]}]},{"name":"The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society Clinical Scholar Award to C. Querfeld","award":["R01 CA229510-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA229510-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome being the two common subtypes. Despite the substantial improvement in early-stage diagnosis and treatments, some patients still progress to the advanced stage with an elusive underpinning mechanism. While this unsubstantiated disease mechanism coupled with diverse clinical outcomes poses challenges in disease management, emerging evidence has implicated the tumor microenvironment in the disease process, thus revealing a promising therapeutic potential of targeting the tumor microenvironment. Notably, malignant T cells can shape their microenvironment to dampen antitumor immunity, leading to Th2-dominated responses that promote tumor progression. This is largely orchestrated by alterations in cytokines expression patterns, genetic dysregulations, inhibitory effects of immune checkpoint molecules, and immunosuppressive cells. Herein, the recent insights into the determining factors in the CTCL tumor microenvironment that support their progression have been highlighted. Also, recent advances in strategies to target the CTCL tumor micromovement with the rationale of improving treatment efficacy have been discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16193368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T11:08:47Z","timestamp":1727780927000},"page":"3368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Tumor Microenvironment as a Therapeutic Target in Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Louis Boafo","family":"Kwantwi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"},{"name":"Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven T.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9698-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Querfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"},{"name":"Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"},{"name":"Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"},{"name":"Division of Dermatology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000243","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Zain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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