{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:31:49Z","timestamp":1789129909458,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed in adolescents and young adults, and evidence has emerged regarding disparities that affect different groups of patients. Methods: In this article, we conducted a thorough review of this area and summarized the existing literature. Results: Some of the pertinent findings from our review include poorer outcomes for various groups including the native M\u0101ori population of New Zealand, those who live in the United States\u2013Mexico border region, those who live in Eastern Europe, those who are uninsured and those with poorer socioeconomic status, amongst others. In the United States specifically, there is significant evidence showing that racial\/ethnic minorities, compared to white patients, tend to fare worse with later presentation at higher stages and worse survival rates. Hispanic patients in particular appear to have the potential for more aggressive tumor biology than other groups and are projected to have the highest incidence rates in the US by 2026. Conclusions: Overall, disparities exist in many aspects of testicular cancer and are striking in some instances, and further research is needed in this arena and in potential solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16203433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T07:54:09Z","timestamp":1728546849000},"page":"3433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Disparities in Testicular Cancer: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2712-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenique","family":"Escobar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, University of Southern California\/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave. NOR 7416, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6224-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siamak","family":"Daneshmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, University of Southern California\/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave. NOR 7416, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0029-0","article-title":"Testicular cancer","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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