{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:49:54Z","timestamp":1789523394963,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lundin Family Brain Tumor Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Encephalitis associated with cancer therapies is a rare but serious complication that can significantly impact patients\u2019 quality of life and it requires prompt identification and management. Over the past two decades, immunotherapy\u2014particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors\u2014has become a cornerstone of cancer treatment, with up to half of metastatic cancer patients in economically developed countries now receiving these therapies. The widespread adoption of immunotherapy has led to improved survival rates and long-term remissions, even in patients with advanced metastatic disease. However, as immune modulators, these therapies can trigger a range of immune-related adverse events, including a variety of novel neurological toxicities. Among these, encephalitis is of particular concern due to its potential severity, which can compromise treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on this condition, highlighting optimal diagnostic strategies and management approaches to mitigate the risk of significant morbidity, while also comparing encephalitis induced by immunotherapy with that caused by traditional chemotherapies and targeted oncologic treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16213571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T09:07:04Z","timestamp":1729674424000},"page":"3571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cancer Therapy-Induced Encephalitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2948-2132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas P.","family":"Desbaillets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Lundin Family Brain Tumor Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas F.","family":"Hottinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Lundin Family Brain Tumor Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne University, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2022-141812","article-title":"Encephalitis: Diagnosis, Management and Recent Advances in the Field of Encephalitides","volume":"99","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postgrad. 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