{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:33:30Z","timestamp":1760146410329,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2017\/27\/N\/NZ5\/02020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2017\/27\/N\/NZ5\/02020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the expression of TYK2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to determine the potential diagnostic and prognostic significance of this kinase. Methods: Digital image analysis was performed to assess immunohistochemical TYK2 reactivity. Results: There were significant differences for all positive pixels between CRC and normal colonic mucosa, with higher TYK2 expression levels observed in surgical margins than in adenocarcinomas (p = 0.0004). Paired t tests showed elevated immunoreactivity for overall TYK2 expression in matched pairs of CRC with adjacent surgical margins (p &lt; 0.0001). Higher percentages of weak (p &lt; 0.0001) and strong pixels (p = 0.0260) were detected in normal colonic mucosa than in cancer tissues. To distinguish cancer from normal intestinal mucosa, the following cutoffs for the TYK2 immune score were found: 29.5% for all cases and 31% for matched pairs. Tumor budding (Bd) was negatively correlated with the percentage of strong pixels for TYK2 (\u03c1 = \u22120.270, p = 0.0096). The percentage of strong pixels was significantly elevated for the T parameter (p = 0.0428). There was a positive correlation between the number of involved lymph nodes and weak pixels (\u03c1 = 0.239, p = 0.0242). Immunofluorescence staining showed significantly higher signal intensities in colonic mucosa than in CRC. The protein level of TYK2 was significantly higher in controls than in cancer tissues. TEM imaging showed lower levels of TYK2 in cancer than in ulcerative colitis. Conclusions: TYK2 protein expression may bring diagnostic value in patients diagnosed with CRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16213665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T09:10:44Z","timestamp":1730279444000},"page":"3665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TYK2 Protein Expression and Its Potential as a Tissue-Based Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5217-1635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Zadka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 6a, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9542-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Ustaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Glatzel-Pluci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9587-0575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Rusak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"\u0141aczma\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6175-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ratajczak-Wielgomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Kmiecik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9036-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Haczkiewicz-Le\u015bniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ultrastructural Research, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 6a, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2256-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Gomu\u0142kiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8099-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kostrzewska-Poczekaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Dzi\u0119giel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw1736","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw1736","article-title":"Autoimmune pathways in mice and humans are blocked by pharmacological stabilization of the TYK2 pseudokinase domain","volume":"11","author":"Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. 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