{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:19:42Z","timestamp":1793513982748,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carcinoid syndrome (CS) is a rare condition associated with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), particularly those originating in the gastrointestinal tract, which secrete bioactive substances like serotonin. The management of CS requires a multidisciplinary approach due to its complex clinical manifestations, including flushing, diarrhea, bronchospasm, and carcinoid heart disease. Optimal care involves collaboration between several professional figures like oncologists, endocrinologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, and dietitians. Currently, a wide range of treatments are available, focused on both symptom control and tumor burden reduction. Somatostatin analogs (SSAs) are the first-line therapy for symptom relief. Still, in patients with progressive disease or refractory CS, other options include targeted therapies, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), liver-directed therapies, and surgical resection, when feasible. Furthermore, management of complications related to prolonged serotonin release and malnutrition as a result of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, post-surgical conditions, vitamin deficit, and chronic diarrhea often requires early detection to mitigate symptoms and improve the quality of life in these patients. The complexity of CS necessitates individualized care and continuous coordination among specialists to optimize outcomes and enhance patient well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16223831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T10:47:53Z","timestamp":1731581273000},"page":"3831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Exploring Carcinoid Syndrome in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Insights from a Multidisciplinary Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0496-3229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Marasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD School in Translational Medicine and Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0541-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Arrivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Prosperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rinzivillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9285-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damiano","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Mercantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Surgery Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Interventional Radiology Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9324-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antongiulio","family":"Faggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2789-4289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Panzuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Sant\u2019 Andrea University Hospital, ENETS Center of Excellence, 00189 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8341426","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8341426","article-title":"Update on Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Complications of Carcinoid Syndrome","volume":"2020","author":"Clement","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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