{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:36:02Z","timestamp":1760146562809,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Virginia from Celldex (funding, drug), GSK (funding), Merck (funding, drug), 3M (drug), Theraclion (device staff support)","award":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"]}]},{"name":"University of Virginia from Polynoma for a PI role in the MAVIS Clinical Trial","award":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"]}]},{"name":"University of Virginia for roles on the Scientific Advisory Boards for Immatics and CureVac","award":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"]}]},{"name":"UVA Licensing and Ventures Group for patents for peptides used in cancer vaccines","award":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA118386","P30 CA044579","R25 CA206972"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Biological females experience more autoimmune disease than males and more treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) after immune checkpoint blockade therapy. However, little is known about sex-related differences in TRAEs after cancer vaccines. Methods: The Mel44 clinical trial (NCT00118274) enrolled 167 eligible patients with high-risk melanoma to treatment with either of two melanoma multipeptide vaccines. We hypothesized that females would experience higher rates and grades of TRAEs. TRAE rates and grades were compared between sexes, with adjustment for multiple comparisons, and with mixed-effects models. Results: Multiple sex-related differences in TRAE rate and grade were observed in unadjusted comparisons, but only hyperglycemia and hypopigmentation were significantly higher-grade by sex after correcting for multiple comparisons: they were increased in males. In mixed-effect models, vaccination strategy, but not patient sex, was independently associated with TRAE rates and grades. Conclusions: These data do not support our hypothesis that TRAEs would be increased in females. Vaccine safety was supported for both males and females.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16223882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T07:02:58Z","timestamp":1732086178000},"page":"3882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adverse Events as a Function of Biological Sex in a Multicenter Clinical Trial of Melanoma Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3202-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine E.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5103-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruyun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8562-3351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Craig L.","family":"Slingluff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02268-7","article-title":"Individualised neoantigen therapy mRNA-4157 (V940) plus pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab monotherapy in resected melanoma (KEYNOTE-942): A randomised, phase 2b study","volume":"403","author":"Weber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01544-x","article-title":"A phase 1\/2 trial of an immune-modulatory vaccine against IDO\/PD-L1 in combination with nivolumab in metastatic melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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