{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:20:01Z","timestamp":1790022001810,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inguinal lymph node (LN) dissection (iLND) is mandatory in cN2 penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). Open iLND (OIL) is often omitted due to the high rate of complications. A minimally invasive approach may reduce morbidity; however, evidence supporting its role to treat bulky nodes is limited. This study aimed to present the outcomes of the largest European single-center series of robot-assisted iLND (RAIL) for the treatment of cN2 PSCC and to compare the surgical and survival outcomes of this approach with the standard of care. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on men with cT1-4N2M0 PSCC undergone either OIL or RAIL at our institution from January 2014 onwards. Baseline demographics, perioperative data, and oncologic outcomes were analyzed. Results: Overall, 47 patients were included; 38 (81%) underwent OIL. Median age was 59 years, with 23 men (48%) presenting with a \u22654 Charlson comorbidity index. Operation time was significantly longer in the robotic cohort (212 min vs. 145 min; p &lt; 0.001), while the length of stay (p = 0.09) and time to inguinal drainage removal (p = 0.08) were not. Estimated blood loss favored the robotic approach (60 mL vs. 300 mL; p &lt; 0.001). Post-operative complications rates were comparable in the two groups (25% vs. 47%; p = 0.17): four major complications were observed overall, and these were all in the OIL cohort. Median LN yield was comparable between the two groups (18 vs. 25; p = 0.05). Final pathology reports showed no significant differences in tumor stage distribution between the cohorts (p = 0.54). Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis did not reveal any significant differences in RFS probabilities between the two treatment groups (Log Rank = 0.99). Conclusions: RAIL demonstrated comparable perioperative and oncologic outcomes to OIL for cN2 PSCC, with the benefit of reduced estimated blood loss. RAIL is a feasible option for cases where a minimally invasive approach is preferred, offering comparable perioperative safety and oncological outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16233921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]],"date-time":"2024-11-22T12:07:32Z","timestamp":1732277252000},"page":"3921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comparing Outcomes of Open and Robot-Assisted Inguinal Lymphadenectomy for the Treatment of cN2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Penis: A Retrospective Single-Center Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9643-8979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Brassetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6112-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rigoberto","family":"Pallares-Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo M.","family":"Bove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Misuraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Anceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Tuderti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3708-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3274-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leslie C.","family":"Licari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1140-0590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenio","family":"Bologna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Cartolano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"D\u2019Annunzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaconsiglia","family":"Ferriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco S.","family":"Flammia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costantino","family":"Leonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 43, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00246-5","article-title":"Penile cancer","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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Endourol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/23\/3921\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:37:51Z","timestamp":1760114271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/23\/3921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16233921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16233921","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]}}}