{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:00:23Z","timestamp":1790474423018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Spinal metastases are a frequent and serious complication in cancer patients, often causing severe pain, instability, and neurological deficits. Thermal ablation techniques such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), and cryoablation (CA) have emerged as minimally invasive treatments. These techniques rely on precise imaging guidance to effectively target lesions while minimizing complications. This systematic review aims to compare the efficacy of different imaging modalities\u2014computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluoroscopy, and mixed techniques\u2014in guiding thermal ablation for spinal metastases, focusing on success rates and complications. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, OVID, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases, yielding 3733 studies. After screening, 51 studies met the eligibility criteria. Data on success rates, tumor recurrence, complications, and patient outcomes were extracted. Success was defined as no procedure-related mortality, tumor recurrence or expansion, or nerve injury. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024567174). Results: CT-guided thermal ablation demonstrated high success rates, especially with RFA (75% complete success). Although less frequently employed, MRI guidance showed lower complication rates and improved soft-tissue contrast. Fluoroscopy-guided procedures were effective but had a higher incidence of nerve injury and incomplete tumor control. Mixed imaging techniques, such as CBCT-MRI fusion, showed potential for reducing complications and improving targeting accuracy. Conclusions: CT remains the most reliable imaging modality for guiding thermal ablation in spinal metastases, while MRI provides enhanced safety in complex cases. Fluoroscopy, although effective for real-time guidance, presents limitations in soft-tissue contrast. Mixed imaging techniques like CBCT-MRI fusion offer promising solutions by combining the advantages of both CT and MRI, warranting further exploration in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16233946","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T08:38:24Z","timestamp":1732523904000},"page":"3946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating the Accuracy and Efficiency of Imaging Modalities in Guiding Ablation for Metastatic Spinal Column Tumors: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Siran","family":"Aslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotraumatology, Semmelweis University, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9239-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Walid","family":"Al-Smadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotraumatology, Semmelweis University, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Dr. Manninger Jen\u0151 National Traumatology Institute, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7939-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murtadha Qais","family":"Al-Khafaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Manninger Jen\u0151 National Traumatology Institute, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Gati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Manninger Jen\u0151 National Traumatology Institute, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5629-4939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa Qais","family":"Al-Khafaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Manninger Jen\u0151 National Traumatology Institute, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00e9ka","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Manninger Jen\u0151 National Traumatology Institute, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Peterfy Sandor Hospital, 1076 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousif Qais","family":"Al-Khafaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Manninger Jen\u0151 National Traumatology Institute, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaer","family":"Alnofal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Manninger Jen\u0151 National Traumatology Institute, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Ferenc Fl\u00f3r Hospital, 2143 Kistarcsa, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8875-8657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1rp\u00e1d","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotraumatology, Semmelweis University, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Dr. Manninger Jen\u0151 National Traumatology Institute, 1081 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.03.024","article-title":"A Multi-Resolution Approach for Spinal Metastasis Detection Using Deep Siamese Neural Networks","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. 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