{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:52:54Z","timestamp":1790916774638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Insurance against Accidents at Work (INAIL: Istituto Nazionale per l\u2019Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro) within the Project BRIC INAIL ID 66\/2022","award":["PB-0184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PB-0184"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis (MTVT) is an extremely rare and aggressive cancer. The diagnosis and management of MTVT is complex, and no standard treatment protocol is available. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review from 1 January 1982 to 14 March 2024 using PubMed to collect all the available case reports and case series. A descriptive analysis of patient characteristics with clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, therapeutic management, and past asbestos exposure was performed. Survival times of patients treated with different therapeutic approaches were evaluated. Results: Overall, 289 patients with MTVT were included in our analysis. The most common clinical presentations were scrotal\/testicular swelling or mass (187 patients, 65%) and the presence of hydrocele (159, 55%). Imaging evaluation, mostly with ultrasonography or CT scan, was reported in two-thirds of cases. Radical surgery (216 patients, 75%) with orchiectomy and, in select cases, hemiscrotectomy and inguinal lymphadenectomy was the most frequent therapeutic approach. A minority of patients (49, 17%) received adjuvant therapy after surgery (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of the two), with no evidence of survival improvement. Conclusions: No standard guidelines for MTVT are available so far. Radical surgery following accurate radiological staging should be the mainstay of treatment. The role of adjuvant treatments remains undefined. Due to its rarity, MTVT should be treated in referral centers, and patients\u2019 data should be collected in a dedicated register in order to improve the knowledge of this exceedingly rare disease and establish optimal diagnostic and therapeutic management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16233956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T04:02:18Z","timestamp":1732593738000},"page":"3956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management. A Comprehensive Review, 1982\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4276-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Stella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Luca","family":"Ceresoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Humanitas Gavazzeni Clinic, 24125 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Dallari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalba","family":"Barile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Saronno Hospital\u2014ASST Valle Olona, 21047 Saronno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Maisenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Rugarli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9068-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Marinaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers\u2019 Compensation Authority, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8935-3843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Consonni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9075-3684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Mensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.01.009","article-title":"Testicular Mesothelioma: An Analysis of Epidemiology, Patient Outcomes, and Prognostic Factors","volume":"126","author":"Nazemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3895","article-title":"Association between asbestos exposure and pericardial and tunica vaginalis testis malignant mesothelioma: A case-control study and epidemiological remarks","volume":"46","author":"Marinaccio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1177\/10668969231215426","article-title":"Malignant Para-Testicular Mesothelioma: A Rare Presentation in the Tunica Vaginalis of an Elderly Male With No Prior Asbestos Exposure","volume":"32","author":"Shaker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2013.02.017","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis","volume":"38","author":"Stradella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Actas Urol. Esp."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1159\/000531839","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Testes with Retroperitoneal Recurrence and Resection in an 80-Year-Old Male and Review of the Literature","volume":"16","author":"Janes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03533-6","article-title":"Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes in men with mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: Analysis of published case-series data","volume":"147","author":"Grogg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"532","article-title":"An Incidental Finding of Paratesticular Malignant Mesothelioma During Operation for Hydrocelectomy","volume":"72","author":"White","year":"2019","journal-title":"South Dak. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2023.02.003","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis and epididymis","volume":"29","author":"Dytor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagn. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7610","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.7610","article-title":"A rare presentation of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis managed with immunotherapy and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.22514\/jomh.2024.015","article-title":"Patient with recurrent paratesticular malignant mesothelioma and multiple primary neoplasms","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mens. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.04.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of mesothelioma of the pericardium and tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"27","author":"Mezei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"StataCorp (2023). Stata Statistical Software: Release 18, StataCorp LLC."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(82)90652-5","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1159\/000473493","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"8","author":"Hollands","year":"1982","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820101)49:1<119::AID-CNCR2820490123>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: Report of first case with preoperative diagnosis","volume":"49","author":"Japko","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198208000-00022","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the male genital tract in a patient with Maffucci\u2019s syndrome","volume":"75","author":"Slaysman","year":"1982","journal-title":"South Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)51150-7","article-title":"Paratesticular Mesotheliomas","volume":"130","author":"McDonald","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1983.tb00329.x","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"10","author":"Scheffer","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19831115)52:10<1788::AID-CNCR2820521005>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Treatment of six cases of mesothelioma with doxorubicin and cisplatin","volume":"52","author":"Zidar","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1159\/000463789","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"10","author":"Yamanishi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"79","article-title":"Cytology of mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis metastatic to the lung","volume":"29","author":"Ehya","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930290415","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of testicular tunica","volume":"29","author":"Vakalikos","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"253","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis in an asbestos worker","volume":"31","author":"Karunaharan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. R. Coll. Surg. Edinb."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(87)70275-8","article-title":"Malignant papillary mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testes: Cutaneous metastases showing pagetoid epidermal invasion","volume":"17","author":"Cartwright","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1987.tb04966.x","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis","volume":"60","author":"Fitzmaurice","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)41741-1","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis: A Case Report","volume":"140","author":"Prescott","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(88)80034-4","article-title":"Paratesticular malignant mesothelioma associated with abdominoscrotal hydrocele","volume":"23","author":"Velasco","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00724916","article-title":"Mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis testis and hernial sacs","volume":"415","author":"Grove","year":"1989","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(89)90174-X","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"34","author":"Tyagi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39773-2","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis","volume":"144","author":"Carp","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(11)80233-5","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis","volume":"186","author":"Kamiya","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)39706-9","article-title":"Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection in Malignant Mesothelioma of Tunica Vaginalis Testis","volume":"144","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"857","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis Report of a Case and Review of the Literature","volume":"41","author":"Kuwabara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Pathol. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.1992.tb03068.x","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis","volume":"36","author":"Adler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Australas. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)80318-6","article-title":"Case report: Ultrasound appearances of a malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"46","author":"Fields","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1992.tb15743.x","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis of the Testis","volume":"70","author":"Noble","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.1870200208","article-title":"Sonographic appearance of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis in a child","volume":"20","author":"Pfister","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1159\/000474830","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Testicular Tunica vaginalis","volume":"21","author":"Serio","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1994.tb16640.x","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"74","author":"Reynard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1994.tb16634.x","article-title":"Biphasic malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"74","author":"Saw","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00005382-199422000-00005","article-title":"Thymic Rebound in a Patient with Scrotal Mesothelioma","volume":"9","author":"Wenger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-68-813-1025","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis\u2014An indolent course","volume":"68","author":"Amin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67638-9","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis","volume":"153","author":"Eden","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07437.x","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis with possible occupational asbestos exposure","volume":"75","author":"Huncharek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199507000-00010","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis. A Clinicopathologic Analysis of 11 Cases with Review of the Literature","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.131.4.484","article-title":"Purpuric nodules along a surgical scar. Metastatic malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"131","author":"Joseph","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599509180593","article-title":"Combined Therapy in a Case of Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis","volume":"29","author":"Lopez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1995.tb00315.x","article-title":"Multicystic mesothelioma of the spermatic cord","volume":"27","author":"Tobioka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000282790","article-title":"Treatment of mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"55","author":"Umekawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02550729","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis diagnosed by aspiration cytology\u2014A case report with review of literature","volume":"28","author":"Ahmed","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0339(199604)14:3<243::AID-DC9>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Concomitant malignant mesothelioma of the pleura, peritoneum, and tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"14","author":"Ascoli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-69-827-1067","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis presenting with spinal metastasis\u2014Report of two cases","volume":"69","author":"Mathew","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1997.00287.x","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of two cases","volume":"80","author":"Agapitos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/00313029700169654","article-title":"Primary malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis of the testis. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy","volume":"29","author":"Berti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199707000-00070","article-title":"Mesothelioma of Tunica Vaginalis Testis in a Child","volume":"158","author":"Khan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0748-7983(98)91771-1","article-title":"Pre-operative diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis by hydrocele fluid cytology","volume":"24","author":"Gupta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. (EJSO)"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"64","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis\u2013beware of the malignant hydrocoele","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ir. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19981215)83:12<2437::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: Review of the literature and assessment of prognostic parameters","volume":"83","author":"Plas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9098(199904)70:4<251::AID-JSO10>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A report of two cases and review of literature","volume":"70","author":"Gupta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.72.857.10505018","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: A case with an unusually indolent course following radical orchidectomy and radiotherapy","volume":"72","author":"Harmse","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1007\/s005950050654","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: Report of a case","volume":"29","author":"Kanazawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2000.00942.x","article-title":"Primary malignant gonadal mesotheliomas and asbestos","volume":"37","author":"Attanoos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.2000.00225.x","article-title":"Case of mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis with characteristic findings on ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"7","author":"Fujisaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2000.01740.x","article-title":"Tumour of the spermatic cord: An unusual primary manifestation of an epithelial mesothelioma of the peritoneum with patent processus vaginalis","volume":"86","author":"Leiber","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160008600315","article-title":"A Case of Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis, with Involvement of the Pleura and Peritoneum","volume":"86","author":"Poggi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tumori J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014433203297","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis associated withlong-lasting hydrocele: Could hydrocele be an etiological factor?","volume":"32","author":"Erol","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"261","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the male genital tract: Report of two cases","volume":"6","author":"Sebbag","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2001.20.1.69","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: Atypical sonographic appearance","volume":"20","author":"Wolanske","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2042.2002.00521.x","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of testicular tunica vaginalis","volume":"9","author":"Abe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.10045","article-title":"Diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration","volume":"30","author":"Bruno","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)69106-7","article-title":"MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA OF TUNICA VAGINALIS TESTIS: A FATAL CASE WITH LIVER METASTASIS","volume":"167","author":"Iczkowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(03)00673-3","article-title":"Extensive palliative surgery for advanced mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis","volume":"62","author":"Black","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025952129438","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis. Report of a case without risk factors and review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Gil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/25026914","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"77","author":"Mak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031.e18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.06.003","article-title":"Synchronous bilateral malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis: Early diagnosis","volume":"64","author":"Pelzer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"511","article-title":"Multicystic malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis with an unusually indolent clinical course","volume":"50","author":"Sawada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hinyokika Kiyo"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2004.01774.x","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A case with a predominant sarcomatous component","volume":"54","author":"Shimada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/106689690501300214","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis: Report of 2 Cases with Asbestos Occupational Exposure","volume":"13","author":"Gorini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.03.012","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis","volume":"66","author":"Spiess","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"115","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the spermatic cord: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Torbati","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20140","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis Testis: Unusual sonographic appearance","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.20428","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A rare malignancy mimicking more common inguino-scrotal masses","volume":"94","author":"Schure","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.07.6596","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Complicated by Chyluria","volume":"24","author":"Rustemeijer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000178094.07513.71","article-title":"The Immunohistochemical Profile of Malignant Mesotheliomas of the Tunica Vaginalis","volume":"30","author":"Winstanley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"3514","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis","volume":"14","author":"Morris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-007-0010-3","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Guney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00266.x","article-title":"Inguinal recurrence of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: One case report with delayed recurrence and review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Liguori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2008.27.8.1249","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis","volume":"27","author":"Boyum","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"1365","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis in a petrochemical worker exposed to asbestos","volume":"28","author":"Candura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1626-1-310","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis of the testis without exposure to asbestos","volume":"1","author":"Goel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cases J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2008.02036.x","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis related to recent asbestos","volume":"15","author":"Ikegami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1159\/000325635","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of Tunica Vaginalis: A Report of 2 Cases with Preoperative Cytologic Diagnosis","volume":"52","author":"Mathur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2009.01.012","article-title":"Expression of Wilms tumor-1 protein and CD 138 in malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis","volume":"205","author":"Hammad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7248","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-3-7248","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the testis and nephrotic syndrome: A case report","volume":"3","author":"Bacchetta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S1607-551X(09)70044-0","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2008.10.010","article-title":"A rare case of malignant hydrocele in a young patient","volume":"5","author":"Reis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.07.1275","article-title":"Preoperative Diagnosis of Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Using Doppler Ultrasound","volume":"75","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e3181c66fbc","article-title":"Paratesticular Mesothelioma. Report of a Case With Comprehensive Review of Literature","volume":"17","author":"Bisceglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klaassen, Z., and Lehrhoff, B.J. (2010). Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis: A Rare, Enigmatic Tumor. UroToday Int. J., 3.","DOI":"10.3834\/uij.1944-5784.2010.12.12"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"483","article-title":"Multiple primary cancers including mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: Case report and literature review with primary care focus","volume":"111","author":"Bass","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Osteopath. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"WMC002309","article-title":"Malignant mesotelioma of tunica vaginalis testis complicating a hydrocele","volume":"2","author":"Costello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Webmedcentral Urol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2303.2010.00764.x","article-title":"Fine needle aspiration cytology in malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"22","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4111\/kju.2011.52.3.225","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Spermatic Cord","volume":"52","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/2012.5.2","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis","volume":"2012","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.94868","article-title":"Epithelioid malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis with deciduoid features: An unusual malignancy clinically masquerading an inguinal hernia","volume":"55","author":"Ahmed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.02.050","article-title":"Radiologic Findings of Mesothelioma at the Tunica Vaginalis","volume":"80","author":"Doo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189170","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/189170","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis: Presenting with Intermittent Scrotal Pain and Hydrocele","volume":"2012","author":"Esen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E238","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.123","article-title":"Diagnosis and prognosis of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"6","author":"Hai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.10932.x","article-title":"Mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis and asbestos exposure","volume":"110","author":"Mensi","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"290","article-title":"Paratesticular mesothelioma in young age","volume":"25","author":"Mrinakova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep. Klin. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1159\/000335884","article-title":"Cutaneous recurrence of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A rare case report","volume":"35","author":"Priester","year":"2012","journal-title":"Onkologie"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayan, S., Carr, R., and Strachan, J. (2012). Primary and Secondary Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis: A comparative case study. BJUI.","DOI":"10.1002\/BJUIw-2011-127-web"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-10-238","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A malignancy associated with recurrent epididymitis?","volume":"10","author":"Yen","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"384","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis. Case report","volume":"66","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2013.02.014","article-title":"An unusual case of paratesticular mesothelioma on the site of previously excised epididymal adenomatoid tumour","volume":"4","author":"Gkentzis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2013.e4","article-title":"Malignant mesotheliomas in spermatic cords: Reports of two cases and a brief review of literature","volume":"5","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rare Tumors"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-012-0573-x","article-title":"Paratesticular Malignant Mesothelioma\u2014A Rare Case Presentation","volume":"75","author":"Rajan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.08.024","article-title":"Incidentally discovered malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis","volume":"112","author":"Weng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4322\/acr.2014.007","article-title":"Malignant paratesticular mesothelioma","volume":"4","author":"Marques","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autops. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2014.02.004","article-title":"Paratesticular malignant mesothelioma in a patient exposed to asbestos for more than 50 years","volume":"30","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2013.02.017","article-title":"Mesotelioma maligno de t\u00fanica vaginal","volume":"38","author":"Stradella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Actas Urol Esp"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"7082","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis with prominent adenomatoid features: A case report","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2015053","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis: An extremely rare case presenting without risk factors","volume":"56","author":"Akin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/2051415813511082","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: Comprehensive review of literature and case report","volume":"8","author":"Alesawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.23325","article-title":"Preoperative cytological diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis","volume":"43","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.4149\/BLL_2015_111","article-title":"Extremely rare tumour\u2013malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"116","author":"Jankovichova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bratisl. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2015.05.009","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis: A Rare Neoplasm\u2014Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2016214602","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-214602","article-title":"Primary malignant mesothelioma of the spermatic cord","volume":"2016","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"8585","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: A rare case report and description of multimodal treatment","volume":"23","author":"Andresen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3887-9","article-title":"Imaging of mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"26","author":"Bertolotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of Spermatic Cord in an Elderly Man With a History of Asbestos Exposure","volume":"87","author":"Mastella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000369","article-title":"Cutaneous Metastases From Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis","volume":"38","author":"Pascual","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2015.0014","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis in a patient with giant hydrocele","volume":"49","author":"Esparza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiol. Bras."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.14735\/amko2016369","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis. A Clinicopathologic Analysis of Two Cases with a Review of the Literature","volume":"29","author":"Mrinakova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Klin. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"7658","article-title":"Molecular changes of malignant mesothelioma in the testis and their impact on prognosis: Analyses of two cases","volume":"9","author":"Serio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2017.04.022","article-title":"Clinical Features and Outcomes of Tunica Vaginalis Mesothelioma: A Case Series From the National Institutes of Health","volume":"15","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"e1860","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of Tunica Vaginalis Testis: Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of a Very Rare Malignancy","volume":"9","author":"Arda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7796.198877","article-title":"Hydrocele with a surprise: Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis\u2014Case report and review of literature","volume":"9","author":"Wagaskar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urol. Ann."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.04.011","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis: Outcomes Following Surgical Management Beyond Radical Orchiectomy","volume":"107","author":"Recabal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2017.06.006","article-title":"Bilateral Malignant Mesothelioma of Tunica Vaginalis A Case Report on Rare Presentation","volume":"14","author":"Shaikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A case report and literature review","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2018.07.003","article-title":"A Bilateral Metachronous Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis","volume":"120","author":"Abello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-018-1778-4","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis: Incidental Diagnosis of a Rare Condition","volume":"81","author":"Emile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"60","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of Testis: A Report of Three Cases and Review of Literature","volume":"11","author":"Priyadarshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. J. Dr. DY Patil Univ."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2018.3.212","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis testis: Report of a very rare case with review of the literature","volume":"90","author":"Trenti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000486355","article-title":"Genome Evolution Analysis of Recurrent Testicular Malignant Mesothelioma by Whole-Genome Sequencing","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324709619827335","DOI":"10.1177\/2324709619827335","article-title":"Malignant Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis\u2014A Malignancy Associated With Asbestos Exposure and Trauma: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"7","author":"Baqui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med. High Impact Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2019.10.012","article-title":"The necessity of a more aggressive initial surgical treatment in patients with mesothelioma of the testicular tunica vaginalis","volume":"47","author":"Brun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2019.07.009","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis","volume":"92","author":"Butnor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"9752","article-title":"Role of robot-assisted retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: Case series and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Faraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E562","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.14964","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: A atypical presentation of a rare scrotal tumour","volume":"89","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S167","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_1403_16","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis without any risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Punatar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-6648-3","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A rare case and review of literature","volume":"20","author":"Drevinskaite","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2020.04.004","article-title":"Imaging appearance of cystic and solid mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis","volume":"15","author":"Hannappel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPM.IJPM_780_18","article-title":"Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A case report","volume":"63","author":"Teoman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"39","article-title":"Sarcomatoid Type of Paratesticular Malignant Mesothelioma in a Dry-Cleaning Worker Exposed to Asbestos and Diagnostic Value of WT-1","volume":"39","author":"Kilitci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Puerto Rico Health Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"671","article-title":"Mesothelioma in Situ of the Spermatic Cord Arising from a Patent Processus Vaginalis: A Case Report","volume":"17","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12301-020-00095-w","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the spermatic cord mimicking a benign inguinoscrotal swelling: Case report with review of literature","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2022.102048","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A rare cause of hydrocele","volume":"43","author":"Peixoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0937","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.937","article-title":"A case of simultaneous diagnosis of tunica vaginalis testis and pleural mesothelioma","volume":"10","author":"Matsuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respirol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2022.06.028","article-title":"A diagnostic approach to paratesticular lesions with tubulopapillary architecture: A series of 16 serous borderline tumors\/low-grade serous carcinoma and 14 well-differentiated papillary mesothelial tumors and mesothelioma","volume":"128","author":"Zafar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/03915603211022942","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma of tunica vaginalis: Two extremely rare case reports","volume":"90","author":"Karademir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9227764","article-title":"Malignant Epithelioid Mesothelioma of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis Presenting as Hydrocele in a Kidney Transplant Recipient","volume":"2024","author":"Behers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Rep. Urol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2024.14305","article-title":"A rare malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis: A case report","volume":"27","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-024-04348-y","article-title":"Testicular mesothelioma disguised as hydrocele: A case report","volume":"18","author":"Nazar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tufano, A., Flammia, R.S., Antonelli, L., Minelli, R., Franco, G., Leonardo, C., and Cantisani, V. (2021). The Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in Differentiating Testicular Masses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11198990"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller, K., Dietz, F., Ludwig, M., Eisenmann, S., G\u00f6rg, C., Safai Zadeh, E., Blank, W., Jenssen, C., Vetchy, V., and M\u00f6ller, B. (2024). Comments and Illustrations of the European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine (EFSUMB) Guidelines: Rare Malignant Pulmonary and Pleural Tumors: Primary Pulmonary Sarcoma and Mesothelioma, Imaging Features on Transthoracic Ultrasound. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14202339"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000002185","article-title":"Mesothelioma of Uncertain Malignant Potential (MUMP) of the Tunica Vaginalis: Proposal for Reclassification as \u201cComplex Mesothelial Tumor of the Tunica Vaginalis\u201d","volume":"48","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32714-8","article-title":"First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab in unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (CheckMate 743): A multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Baas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6371","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.6371","article-title":"Confirmatory validation of the Mesothelioma Psychological Distress Tool-Patients: A brief patient-reported outcome measure assessing psychological distress in malignant mesothelioma patients","volume":"33","author":"Bonafede","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psycho-Oncology"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/23\/3956\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:39:31Z","timestamp":1760114371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/23\/3956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"references-count":170,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16233956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16233956","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]}}}