{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:33:29Z","timestamp":1776692009355,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic cancers characterized by hyperproliferation of the myeloid lineages. These clonal marrow disorders are extremely rare in pediatric patients. MPN is reported to occur 100 times more frequently in adults, and thus research is primarily focused on this patient group. At present, modern diagnostic techniques, primarily genetic, facilitate the identification of the biology of these diseases. The key genes are JAK2, MPL, and CALR, namely, driver mutations, which are present in approximately 90% of patients with suspected MPN. Moreover, there are more than 20 other mutations that affect the development of these hematological malignancies, as evidenced by a review of the literature. The pathogenic mechanism of MPNs is characterized by the dysregulation of the JAK\/STAT signaling pathway (JAK2, MPL, CALR), DNA methylation (TET2, DNMT3A, IDH1\/2), chromatin structure (ASXL1, EZH2), and splicing (SF3B1, U2AF2, SRSF2). Although rare, myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve young patients and pose unique challenges for clinicians in diagnosis and therapy. The paper aims to review the biological markers of MPNs in pediatric populations\u2014a particular group of patients that has been poorly studied due to the low frequency of MPN diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16234114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T08:17:49Z","timestamp":1733732269000},"page":"4114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biological Markers of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ozyga\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Rokosz-Mierzwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Diagnostics, University Children\u2019s Hospital, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Widz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Skowera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Wili\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetic Diagnostics, University Children\u2019s Hospital, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borys","family":"Styka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8760-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Lejman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23140","article-title":"Clinical, Histopathologic, and Genetic Features of Pediatric Primary Myelofibrosis\u2014An Entity Different from Adults","volume":"87","author":"DeLario","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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