{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T23:42:29Z","timestamp":1782690149395,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) are rare and aggressive malignancies associated with poor outcomes, often because of the development of acquired drug resistance as well as intolerance to the established and often toxic chemotherapy regimens in elderly and frail patients. The many subtypes of TCL are well established to exhibit marked geographic variation. The epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of TCLs in the Middle East (ME) are yet to be explored; hence, limited data are available about these entities in this part of the world. Aim: Therefore, in this review article, we aim to discuss the available data regarding the T-cell neoplasms in the ME, including the incidence of specific subtypes of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), as well as the trends in survival and treatment, all in an effort to understand the natural history of these complex entities across the ME.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16244131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T06:44:05Z","timestamp":1733899445000},"page":"4131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perspectives on the Mature T-Cell Lymphomas in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review of the Present Status"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2919-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mubarak","family":"Al-Mansour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Medical Oncology, Princess Noorah Oncology Centre, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs-Western Region (MNGHA-WR), King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs-Western Region (MNGHA-WR), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8186-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Sameer","family":"Aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs-Western Region (MNGHA-WR), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen A.","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia Comprehensive Cancer Center, Translational Orphan Blood Cancer Research Center, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Varghese, M.T., and Alsubait, S. (2022). T-Cell lymphoma. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01620-2","article-title":"The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: Lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Alaggio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2017.18.1.71","article-title":"T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Spectrum of Disease and the Role of Imaging in the Management of Common Subtypes","volume":"18","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1229","article-title":"The international consensus classification of mature lymphoid neoplasms: A report from the clinical advisory committee","volume":"140","author":"Campo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified","volume":"129","author":"Broccoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30416","article-title":"A prospective cohort study of patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma in the United States","volume":"123","author":"Carson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"6756","article-title":"Peripheral T-cell lymphoma","volume":"117","author":"Foss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-015-0291-0","article-title":"The Value and Relevance of the T Cell Lymphoma Registries and International Collaborations: The Case of COMPLETE and the T-Cell Project","volume":"10","author":"Bellei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179545X17705863","DOI":"10.1177\/1179545X17705863","article-title":"Toward a Biology-Driven Treatment Strategy for Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Hildyard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Blood Disord."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.16.4558","article-title":"International peripheral T-cell and natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma study: Pathology findings and clinical outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Vose","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.63.5540","article-title":"Racial Patterns of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Incidence and Survival in the United States","volume":"34","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-016-0353-y","article-title":"T-cell Lymphoma Epidemiology: The Known and Unknown","volume":"11","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-09-310342","article-title":"Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: A report of 340 cases from the International Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Project","volume":"117","author":"Weisenburger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgu012","article-title":"Medical history, lifestyle, family history, and occupational risk factors for peripheral T-cell lymphomas: The InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project","volume":"2014","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13876","article-title":"Relative frequency of non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes in selected centres in North Africa, the middle east and India: A review of 971 cases","volume":"172","author":"Perry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-013-9634-0","article-title":"A collaborative nationwide lymphoma study in Lebanon: Incidence of various subtypes and analysis of associations with viruses","volume":"19","author":"Otrock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"677","article-title":"Malignant lymphoma in Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia, reclassified according to the WHO classification","volume":"30","author":"Akhtar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"609","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Jordan. Types and patterns of 111 cases classified according to the WHO classification of hematological malignancies","volume":"25","author":"Almasri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1080\/028418601750444231","article-title":"Pattern of malignant lymphoma in the United Arab Emirates--a histopathologic and immunologic study in 208 native patients","volume":"40","author":"Castella","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-003-0812-0","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma in southeast Turkey: Clinicopathologic features of 490 cases","volume":"83","author":"Isikdogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-509X.92276","article-title":"Malignant lymphoma in northern Iraq: A retrospective analysis of 270 cases according to the World Health Organization classification","volume":"48","author":"Yaqo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cej.0000243858.91642.c9","article-title":"Non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas in Alexandria, Egypt; incidence rates and trend study (1995\u20132004)","volume":"16","author":"Yassine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev. Off. J. Eur. Cancer Prev. Organ. (ECP)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9316-0","article-title":"Viral and non-viral risk factors for non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma in Egypt: Heterogeneity by histological and immunological subtypes","volume":"20","author":"Goldman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-009-0801-z","article-title":"Frequencies of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma subtypes in Kuwait: Comparisons between different ethnic groups","volume":"89","author":"Ameen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2010.09.009","article-title":"Distributions of major sub-types of lymphoid malignancies among adults in Mashhad, Iran","volume":"35","author":"Mozaheb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalili, J., Vahedi, A., Danandehmehr, A., Aynechi, P., Esfahani, A., Roosta, Y., Nateghian, H., Ghafouri Asbagh, A., and Hajihoseinlou, F. (2022). Subtype distribution of lymphomas in northwestern Iran: A retrospective analysis of 659 cases according to World Health Organization classification. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10132-2"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"39","article-title":"Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas in Algeria: Results from a Multicenter Registry Study","volume":"5","author":"Belarbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Rare Dis. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1804-107","article-title":"Distribution of lymphomas in Turkey: Data of 4239 cases from a single institution using the WHO classification","volume":"48","author":"Esin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2016.11.009","article-title":"Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified: A Review of Current Disease Understanding and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"31","author":"Savage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2188-8","article-title":"Analysis of prognostic factors and comparison of prognostic scores in peripheral T cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: A single-institution study of 105 Chinese patients","volume":"94","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2010.07.007","article-title":"Peripheral T-cell lymphoma\u2013not otherwise specified","volume":"79","author":"Savage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14473","article-title":"How I manage peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: Current practice and a glimpse into the future","volume":"176","author":"Schmitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2018.06.022","article-title":"Utility of PET-CT for Evaluation of Patients With Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma","volume":"18","author":"Gurion","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2018.7.23065","article-title":"Spectrum of lymphoma in Bahrain. A retrospective analysis according to the World Health Organization classification","volume":"39","author":"Aljufairi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hemonc.2020.10.002","article-title":"The epidemiology of lymphoma in Jordan: A nationwide population study of 4189 cases according to World Health Organization classification system","volume":"14","author":"Aladily","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4103\/ijh.ijh_34_21","article-title":"Classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Middle Euphrates Region of Iraq according to the World Health Organization classification","volume":"10","author":"Mjali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2013.52.7911","article-title":"Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: Long-term follow-up of 60 patients","volume":"32","author":"Miranda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2508","article-title":"Lymphoma incidence patterns by WHO subtype in the United States, 1992\u20132001","volume":"107","author":"Morton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2014.425","article-title":"Disease patterns of pediatric non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A study from a developing area in Egypt","volume":"3","author":"Sherief","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/2357-0121.192538","article-title":"S Malignant lymphoma in Hadhramout Sector, Yemen: A retrospective study of 170 cases classified according to the WHO classification","volume":"1","author":"Humam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Curr. Med. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31824433d8","article-title":"Extranodal NK\/T-cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type, Includes Cases of Natural Killer Cell and \u03b1\u03b2, \u03b3\u03b4, and \u03b1\u03b2\/\u03b3\u03b4 T-cell Origin","volume":"36","author":"Pongpruttipan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13126","article-title":"Extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: Clinical features, outcome, and prognostic factors in 101 cases","volume":"101","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-016-2805-9","article-title":"Clinical features and survival of extranodal natural killer\/T cell lymphoma with and without hemophagocytic syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-6-77","article-title":"Subtype distribution of lymphomas in Southwest China: Analysis of 6,382 cases using WHO classification in a single institution","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_104_19","article-title":"Natural Killer\/T-Cell Lymphoma: Saudi Lymphoma Group\u2019s Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diagnosis, Management and Follow-up","volume":"7","author":"Motabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahara, M., Kumai, T., Kishibe, K., Nagato, T., and Harabuchi, Y. (2021). Extranodal NK\/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type: Genetic, Biologic, and Clinical Aspects with a Central Focus on Epstein-Barr Virus Relation. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071381"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"83","article-title":"WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues in 2008: An overview","volume":"102","author":"Sabattini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pathologica"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2016.0117","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines Insights: Non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphomas, Version 3.2016","volume":"14","author":"Horwitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.12.002","article-title":"The ECHELON-2 Trial: 5-year results of a randomized, phase III study of brentuximab vedotin with chemotherapy for CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma","volume":"33","author":"Horwitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2013.07.005","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of peripheral T-cell lymphoma treated with the intention to transplant in the first remission","volume":"13","author":"Mehta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2013.04.002","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus-associated natural killer\/T-cell lymphomas","volume":"26","author":"Asano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27752","article-title":"First-line combination of gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and L-asparaginase (GELOX) followed by involved-field radiation therapy for patients with stage IE\/IIE extranodal natural killer\/T-cell lymphoma","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2016.11.007","article-title":"Clinical Features and Current Optimal Management of Natural Killer\/T-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"31","author":"Makita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4997","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-01-453233","article-title":"How I treat NK\/T-cell lymphomas","volume":"121","author":"Tse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2011.27","article-title":"Hematopoietic SCT for adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: A review","volume":"46","author":"Jabbour","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00063-09","article-title":"Epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases","volume":"23","author":"Proietti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-2-16","article-title":"Discovery of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"2","author":"Takatsuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000431058","article-title":"Molecular Pathology of Adult T-Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma","volume":"89","author":"Ohshima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08051.x","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of clinical subtypes of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma. A report from the Lymphoma Study Group (1984\u20131987)","volume":"79","author":"Shimoyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910430618","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific cumulative rate and risk of ATLL for HTLV-I carriers","volume":"43","author":"Kondo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6058","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208968","article-title":"Global epidemiology of HTLV-I infection and associated diseases","volume":"24","author":"Proietti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2593-2595.2003","article-title":"Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 among blood donors from Mashhad, Iran","volume":"41","author":"Abbaszadegan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"838","article-title":"Survey of the seroprovalence of HTLV I\/II in hemodialysis patients and blood donors in Urmia","volume":"19","author":"Khameneh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)93308-C","article-title":"Serological and molecular survey for HTLV-I infection in a high-risk Middle Eastern group","volume":"336","author":"Meytes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"424","article-title":"Epidemiology of HTLV-1 in Neyshabour, Northeast of Iran","volume":"13","author":"Fathimoghadam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. Red. Crescent Med. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0248","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 prevalence in northeastern Iran, Sabzevar: An epidemiologic-based study and phylogenetic analysis","volume":"28","author":"Azarpazhooh","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.07.004","article-title":"High prevalence of HTLV-I infection in Mashhad, Northeast Iran: A population-based seroepidemiology survey","volume":"52","author":"Rafatpanah","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Off. Publ. Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1996.12.1185","article-title":"Prevalence of HTLV type I infection in Iran: A serological and genetic study","volume":"12","author":"Safai","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800049074","article-title":"A serosurvey for HTLV-I among high-risk populations and normal adults in Egypt","volume":"107","author":"Constantine","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199705010-00018","article-title":"Prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection among volunteer blood donors in Kuwait","volume":"15","author":"Voevodin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549709019030","article-title":"HTLV-I seroprevalence in the Sultanate of Oman","volume":"29","author":"McDonald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199811)56:3<269::AID-JMV16>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Ethnic cluster of HTLV-I infection in Israel among the Mashhadi Jewish population","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190601071717","article-title":"Zidovudine and interferon-alpha treatment induces a high response rate and reduces HTLV-1 proviral load and VEGF plasma levels in patients with adult T-cell leukemia from North East Iran","volume":"48","author":"Kchour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6528","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-211821","article-title":"Phase 2 study of the efficacy and safety of the combination of arsenic trioxide, interferon alpha, and zidovudine in newly diagnosed chronic adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATL)","volume":"113","author":"Kchour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900201)65:3<590::AID-CNCR2820650334>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Adult T-cell lymphoma in Israeli patients of Iranian origin","volume":"65","author":"Sidi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02223.x","article-title":"Adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma in the Middle East: First report of two cases from Lebanon","volume":"49","author":"Bitar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"77","article-title":"Sporadic carriers of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 among blood donors in Egypt","volume":"16","author":"Zaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"2179","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HTLV-type-1 and type-2 among Blood Donors in Some Iraqi Provinces","volume":"14","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Forensic Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.8160","article-title":"Seroprevalence rates of transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors in Jordan","volume":"10","author":"Souan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2005.00635.x","article-title":"Prevalence of viral markers among first-time Arab blood donors in Kuwait","volume":"45","author":"Ameen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2003.10.012","article-title":"Is seroprevalence of HTLV-I\/II among blood donors in Lebanon relevant?","volume":"32","author":"Tamim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2006.2.9","article-title":"Prevalence of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Antibodies Among the Donor Population in the State of Qatar","volume":"2006","author":"Fawzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qatar Med. J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aabdien, M., Selim, N., Himatt, S., Hmissi, S., Merenkov, Z., AlKubaisi, N., Abdel-Rahman, M.E., Abdelmola, A., Khelfa, S., and Farag, E. (2020). Prevalence and trends of transfusion transmissible infections among blood donors in the State of Qatar, 2013\u20132017. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05344-5"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"637","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to human T-lymphotropic viruses types I and II among healthy blood donors","volume":"24","author":"Taha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2004.08.006","article-title":"Low prevalence of antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus-I\/II among blood donors in eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"33","author":"Fawaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.169.3.251","article-title":"Saudi National Guard donor screening for human T cell lymphotropic virus I\/II: Time to use molecular biology techniques","volume":"169","author":"Balkhy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type I and type II antibody among blood donors in Eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Panhotra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6666","article-title":"Prevalence of serological markers and nucleic acid for blood-borne viral infections in blood donors in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"AlMutairi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"143","article-title":"Evaluation of Blood Donors and transfusion transmitted infections and their association with ABO and Rh Blood groups in Unaizah, Saudi Arabia: A retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Almaiman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(15)61000-3","article-title":"Seropositivity of TTIs among blood donors in Hail, Saudi Arabia, from 2014 to 2015","volume":"6","author":"Sarah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.04.008","article-title":"The prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections and nucleic acid testing among blood donors in Majmaah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"11","author":"Alaidarous","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"99","article-title":"Seroepidemiological investigation of HTLV I, II infection among Busherian multi-transfused patients in 2003","volume":"2","author":"Pourkarim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. J. Iran Blood Transfus Organ"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"44","article-title":"Seroprevalence of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) in high risk patients","volume":"6","author":"Karimi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Res. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"75","article-title":"A pilot Seroepidemiologic study of HTLV in thalassemia, hemophilia, and hemodialysed patients in Hormozgan","volume":"13","author":"Abedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"HMJ"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"51","article-title":"Prevalence of human T-lymphotropicvirus types I&II among high risk groups in Sanandaj in 2010","volume":"18","author":"Ardalan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. J. Kurd. Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"187","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 infection in hemodialysis patients: Should we be concerned about it?","volume":"7","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghezeldasht, S.A., Hassannia, T., Rafatpanah, H., Hekmat, R., Valizadeh, N., Mobarhan, M.G., and Rezaee, S.A. (2015). Oncogenic Virus Infections in the General Population and End-stage Renal Disease Patients With Special Emphasis on Kaposi\u2019s Sarcoma Associated Herpes Virus (KSHV) in Northeast of Iran. Jundishapur J. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.14920"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"e85164","article-title":"High Prevalence of HTLV-1 Infection Among Hemodialysis Patients in Neyshabur, Northeast of Iran","volume":"6","author":"Fathimoghadam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3329\/bjms.v13i1.13903","article-title":"Prevalence of HCV infection in hemodialysis patients of South Khorasan in comparison With HBV, HDV, HTLV I\/II, And HIV infection","volume":"13","author":"Ziaee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"13","article-title":"First report of the prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) for hemodialysis patients in Tehran","volume":"30","author":"Yazdani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"25","article-title":"A Comparitive study of the prevalence of HTLV\u2013I infection in luekemia\/non\u2013hodgkins lymphoma patients, thalassemic patients and blood donors","volume":"10","author":"Arjmandi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Shahid Sadoughi Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2008.391.393","article-title":"Prevalence of HTLV-1 antibody among major thalassemic patients in Gorgan (South East of Caspian Sea)","volume":"8","author":"Moradi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"11","article-title":"Evaluation of HGV viremia prevalence and its co-infection with HBV, HCV, HIV and HTLV-1 in hemophilic patients of Southern Khorassan, Iran","volume":"1","author":"ZIAEI","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepat. Mon."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"159","article-title":"Prevalence of seropositivity for human T lymphocytes virus in patients with hereditary bleeding diseases in population of West Azerbaijan","volume":"3","author":"Rostamzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Lab."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade (BR) (2024, December 04). Protocolo de uso da Zidovudina para Tratamento do Adulto com Leucemia\/Linfoma Associado ao V\u00edrus HTLV-1, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/conitec\/pt-br\/midias\/protocolos\/protocolo_uso\/protocolouso_zidovudina_leucemia.pdf."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.0669","article-title":"Meta-analysis on the use of zidovudine and interferon-alfa in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma showing improved survival in the leukemic subtypes","volume":"28","author":"Bazarbachi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2011.04141.x","article-title":"Cutaneous type adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma successfully treated with narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy","volume":"37","author":"Kudo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb06933.x","article-title":"Satisfactory remission achieved by PUVA therapy in a case of crisis-type adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma with generalized cutaneous leukaemic cell infiltration","volume":"133","author":"Takemori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2012.715351","article-title":"Combination of skin-directed therapy and oral etoposide for smoldering adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma with skin involvement","volume":"54","author":"Sawada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-09-242347","article-title":"Long-term study of indolent adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma","volume":"115","author":"Takasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199506293322603","article-title":"Treatment of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma with a combination of interferon alfa and zidovudine","volume":"332","author":"Gill","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-19","article-title":"Conference highlights of the 16th International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV and related retroviruses, 26\u201330 June 2013, Montreal, Canada","volume":"11","author":"Barbeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.50.9","article-title":"Treatment of adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"50","author":"Uozumi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hematop."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.11.9958","article-title":"VCAP-AMP-VECP compared with biweekly CHOP for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma: Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study JCOG9801","volume":"25","author":"Tsukasaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3816\/CLM.2003.n.027","article-title":"Denileukin diftitox and hyper-CVAD in the treatment of human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1-associated acute T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Nawgiri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900115)65:2<327::AID-CNCR2820650224>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"65","author":"Teshima","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90174-N","article-title":"Acute tumor lysis syndrome in patients with high-grade non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"94","author":"Hande","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1701533","article-title":"Poor outcome of autologous stem cell transplantation for adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Tsukasaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12617","article-title":"Recent advances in the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphomas","volume":"106","author":"Utsunomiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-247510","article-title":"Transplantation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells for adult T-cell leukemia: A nationwide retrospective study","volume":"116","author":"Hishizawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"3625","article-title":"Clinical significance of CCR4 expression in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: Its close association with skin involvement and unfavorable outcome","volume":"9","author":"Ishida","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.05.017","article-title":"Mogamulizumab Treatment Prior to Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Induces Severe Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease","volume":"22","author":"Sugio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. J. Am. Soc. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-015-0217-2","article-title":"Small PARP inhibitor PJ-34 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"8","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2020.08.003","article-title":"Cutaneous Lymphomas\u2014Part I: Mycosis Fungoides, S\u00e9zary Syndrome, and CD30+ Cutaneous Lymphoproliferative Disorders","volume":"112","author":"Pujol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobos, G., Pohrt, A., Ram-Wolff, C., Lebb\u00e9, C., Bouaziz, J.D., Battistella, M., Bagot, M., and de Masson, A. (2020). Epidemiology of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 16,953 Patients. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102921"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17258","article-title":"The PROCLIPI international registry of early-stage mycosis fungoides identifies substantial diagnostic delay in most patients","volume":"181","author":"Scarisbrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00013","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3367","article-title":"Early-stage Mycosis Fungoides: Epidemiology and Prognosis","volume":"100","author":"Maguire","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"2767","article-title":"The prevalence and histological patterns of malignant skin tumors in Albaha, Saudi Arabia: A retrospective study","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jssdds.2011.10.001","article-title":"Pattern of skin cancer among Saudi Patients who attended King AbdulAziz University Hospital between Jan 2000 and Dec 2010","volume":"16","author":"Mufti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc. Dermatol. Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"776","article-title":"Pattern of skin cancer in Southwestern Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Elhakeem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2018.10.22679","article-title":"Histopathological pattern of skin cancer in Western region of Saudi Arabia. An 11 years experience","volume":"39","author":"Albasri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13320","article-title":"Pattern of skin cancer among Saudi patients attending a tertiary care center in Dhahran, Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. A 20-year retrospective study","volume":"55","author":"Amra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdds.2015.06.002","article-title":"Pattern of skin cancer at Dammam Medical Complex in Dammam, Saudi Arabia","volume":"20","author":"Alwunais","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"2058","article-title":"Mycosis Fungoides in UAE","volume":"6","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02033.x","article-title":"Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: Therapeutic approach and outcome in 113 patients","volume":"44","author":"Anadolu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04567.x","article-title":"Clinicoepidemiological features of mycosis fungoides in Kuwait, 1991\u20132006","volume":"49","author":"Alsaleh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"229","article-title":"Mycosis Fungoides: Epidemiology in Isfahan, Iran","volume":"2","author":"Naeini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000379","article-title":"Frequency of hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in Egyptian patients presenting with hypopigmented lesions of the trunk","volume":"37","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"2237","article-title":"Clinical Patterns and Treatment Response of Patients With Mycosis Fungoides a Retrospective Study","volume":"4","author":"Alojail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.283","article-title":"Profile of mycosis fungoides in 43 Saudi patients","volume":"32","author":"AlGhamdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"133","article-title":"Morphological Pattern of Mycosis Fungoides Among Saudi Patients Attending King Abdulaziz University Hospital","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk. Dermatoloji Derg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12093","article-title":"Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides in Egyptian patients","volume":"40","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1667474","article-title":"Efficacy of doxycycline in the treatment of early stages of mycosis fungoides: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Shalaby","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2017.212","article-title":"Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in Saudi Arabia: Retrospective single-center review","volume":"37","author":"Binamer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.12816\/0047560","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological spectrum of mycosis fungoides","volume":"40","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bahrain Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2005.398","article-title":"Malignant lymphoma in Jordan: A retrospective analysis of 347 cases according to the World Health Organization classification","volume":"25","author":"Haddadin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624040","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/624040","article-title":"Peripheral T-cell lymphoma: Review and updates of current management strategies","volume":"2010","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-270785","article-title":"Treatment and prognosis of mature T-cell and NK-cell lymphoma: An analysis of patients with T-cell lymphoma treated in studies of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group","volume":"116","author":"Schmitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/24\/4131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:52:14Z","timestamp":1760115134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/16\/24\/4131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers16244131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16244131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]}}}