{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:01:01Z","timestamp":1771466461412,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["825741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825741"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["LO 1928\/11-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LO 1928\/11-1"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["424112940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424112940"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["FONDAP 152220002 (CECAN)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDAP 152220002 (CECAN)"]}]},{"name":"the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["825741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825741"]}]},{"name":"the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["LO 1928\/11-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LO 1928\/11-1"]}]},{"name":"the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["424112940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424112940"]}]},{"name":"the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["FONDAP 152220002 (CECAN)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDAP 152220002 (CECAN)"]}]},{"name":"the Chilean National Research and Development Agency (ANID)","award":["825741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825741"]}]},{"name":"the Chilean National Research and Development Agency (ANID)","award":["LO 1928\/11-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LO 1928\/11-1"]}]},{"name":"the Chilean National Research and Development Agency (ANID)","award":["424112940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424112940"]}]},{"name":"the Chilean National Research and Development Agency (ANID)","award":["FONDAP 152220002 (CECAN)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDAP 152220002 (CECAN)"]}]},{"name":"the Biobank of the University of Chile (BTUCH)","award":["825741"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825741"]}]},{"name":"the Biobank of the University of Chile (BTUCH)","award":["LO 1928\/11-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LO 1928\/11-1"]}]},{"name":"the Biobank of the University of Chile (BTUCH)","award":["424112940"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["424112940"]}]},{"name":"the Biobank of the University of Chile (BTUCH)","award":["FONDAP 152220002 (CECAN)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDAP 152220002 (CECAN)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Latin Americans have a rich genetic make-up that translates into heterogeneous fractions of the autosomal genome in runs of homozygosity (FROH) and heterogeneous types and proportions of indigenous American ancestry. While autozygosity has been linked to several human diseases, very little is known about the relationship between inbreeding, genetic ancestry, and cancer risk in Latin Americans. Chile has one of the highest incidences of gallbladder cancer (GBC) in the world, and we investigated the association between inbreeding, GBC, gallstone disease (GSD), and body mass index (BMI) in 4029 genetically admixed Chileans. We calculated individual FROH above 1.5 Mb and weighted polygenic risk scores for GSD, and applied multiple logistic regression to assess the association between homozygosity and GBC risk. We found that homozygosity was due to a heterogeneous mixture of genetic drift and consanguinity in the study population. Although we found no association between homozygosity and overall GBC risk, we detected interactions of FROH with sex, age, and genetic risk of GSD that affected GBC risk. Specifically, the increase in GBC risk per 1% FROH was 19% in men (p-value = 0.002), 30% in those under 60 years of age (p-value = 0.001), and 12% in those with a genetic risk of GSD above the median (p-value = 0.01). The present study highlighted the complex interplay between inbreeding, genetic ancestry, and genetic risk of GSD in the development of GBC. The applied methodology and our findings underscored the importance of considering the population-specific genetic architecture, along with sex- and age-specific effects, when investigating the genetic basis of complex traits in Latin Americans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16244195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1734407162000},"page":"4195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Inbreeding and Gallbladder Cancer Risk: Homozygosity Associations Adjusted for Indigenous American Ancestry, BMI, and Genetic Risk of Gallstone Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7113-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Ceballos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Genetics Research Group, Institute of Medical Biometry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0587-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Boekstegers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Genetics Research Group, Institute of Medical Biometry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4430-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Genetics Research Group, Institute of Medical Biometry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9505-4965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol","family":"Barahona Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Genetics Research Group, Institute of Medical Biometry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4018-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Marcelain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Center for Cancer Prevention and Control (CECAN), Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Santiago 380000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"G\u00e1rate-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Genetics Research Group, Institute of Medical Biometry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Center for Cancer Prevention and Control (CECAN), Medical Faculty, University of Chile, Santiago 380000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0583-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melanie","family":"Waldenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology and Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Regional de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9911-7142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Regional de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Retamales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional del C\u00e1ncer, Santiago 7500650, 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France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2010.02.011","article-title":"Epidemiology of gallbladder cancer","volume":"39","author":"Eslick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. 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