{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:11:43Z","timestamp":1791994303268,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The role of molecular imaging in urothelial cancer is less defined than other cancers, and its utility remains controversial due to limitations such as high urinary tracer excretion, complicating primary tumour assessment in the bladder and upper urinary tract. This review explores the current landscape of PET imaging in the clinical management of urothelial cancer, with a special emphasis on potential future advancements including emerging novel non-18F FDG PET agents, PET radiopharmaceuticals, and PET-MRI applications. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in the PubMed database, using keywords such as \u201cPET\u201d, \u201cPET-CT\u201d, \u201cPET-MRI\u201d, \u201cFDG PET\u201d, \u201cUrothelial Cancer\u201d, and \u201cTheranostics\u201d. Studies were screened for relevance, focusing on imaging modalities and advances in PET tracers for urothelial carcinoma. Non-English language, off-topic papers, and case reports were excluded, resulting in 80 articles being selected for discussion. Results: 18F FDG PET-CT has demonstrated superior sensitivity over conventional imaging, such as contrast-enhanced CT and MRI, for detecting lymph node metastasis and distant disease. Despite these advantages, FDG PET-CT is limited for T-staging of primary urothelial tumours due to high urinary excretion of the tracer. Emerging evidence supports the role of PETC-CT in assessing response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and in identifying recurrence, with a high diagnostic accuracy reported in several studies. Novel PET tracers, such as 68Ga-labelled FAPI, have shown promising results in targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts, providing higher tumour-to-background ratios and detecting lesions missed by traditional imaging. Antibody-based PET tracers, like those targeting Nectin-4, CAIX, and uPAR, are under investigation for their diagnostic and theranostic potential, and initial studies indicate that these agents may offer advantages over conventional imaging and FDG PET. Conclusions: Molecular imaging is a rapidly evolving field in urothelial cancer, offering improved diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. While 18F FDG PET-CT has shown utility in staging, further prospective research is needed to establish and refine standardised protocols and validate new tracers. Advances in theranostics and precision imaging may revolutionise urothelial cancer management, enhancing the ability to tailor treatments and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17020232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T05:40:40Z","timestamp":1736746840000},"page":"232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging in Urothelial Cancer: Current Status and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"McDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, South Metropolitan Health Service, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin G.","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, South Metropolitan Health Service, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia"},{"name":"UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Gauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, South Metropolitan Health Service, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4094-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dickon","family":"Hayne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, South Metropolitan Health Service, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia"},{"name":"UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate (ANZUP) Cancer Trials Group, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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