{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:25:48Z","timestamp":1785324348251,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Little information has been published on patients diagnosed with brain metastasis secondary to lung cancer. Correlating outcome patterns (hospice care, lost to follow-up, death before hospice care or treatment) and specific characteristics of treated and untreated patients may identify subsets of patients who may benefit from treatment. Methods: We evaluated data from the Kentucky Cancer Registry and identified 284 cases who were diagnosed with brain metastasis secondary to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between 1 August 2016, and 31 December 2019. We evaluated type and timing of treatment received, as well as focused on those patients who did not receive treatment. For those patients who did not receive treatment, various characteristics that may have impacted their decision or ability to undergo follow-up were also evaluated. This included social history, disease burden, as well as oncology treatment timelines. Lastly, due to the high smoking rate in Kentucky, we conducted an analysis of patient tobacco use. Results: Our results show that 61 cases (21.8%) never received treatment for lung cancer with brain metastasis. Further analysis of the non-treated cases demonstrated that 19 cases (31.1%) never met with an oncology team while in the hospital or after discharge; 14 of the 61 cases (23.0%) were too sick to receive treatment and died prior to having the option of treatment; and 47 of the 61 cases (77.0%) may have had the option of treatment but declined. Conclusions: Historically, patients with brain metastases have faced poor prognoses and limited treatment options. However, advancements in systemic chemoimmunotherapy and targeted therapies have introduced new treatment possibilities, offering improved symptom control and the potential for prolonged survival. This analysis is crucial for identifying potential barriers to care, optimizing resource allocation, and guiding future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17020256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T11:28:31Z","timestamp":1736854111000},"page":"256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Outcomes of Brain Metastasis from Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"James M.","family":"Mobley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry I.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Reusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9987-0999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niharika","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7236-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia B.","family":"Magsam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie E.","family":"McLouth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kentucky Cancer Registry, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5583-0093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John L.","family":"Villano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708","article-title":"Cancer statistics","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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