{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:01:09Z","timestamp":1791838869063,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are heterogeneous malignancies arising from enterochromaffin cells that can arise from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pancreas. Surgical management is the cornerstone of treatment, with the optimal approach tailored by tumor grade, size, location, and presence of metastasis. This review discusses the current strategies for the surgical management of NETs of the gastroenteropancreatic tract. Methods: A review of the available literature was conducted to evaluate surgical approaches to NETs. Consensus guidelines were incorporated to synthesize evidence-based recommendations. Results: For gastric NETs, surgical approach depends on Rindi Classification, WHO grade, and tumor size, with endoscopic approaches favored for smaller and low-grade lesions. Small bowel NETs can be multifocal and thus often require a surgical approach with careful evaluation of the entire intestine. Pancreatic NETs are categorized as functional or non-functional, with enucleation or formal resection strategies based on size, location, functional status, and risk of malignancy. Colorectal NETs are primarily treated with transanal localized or formal surgical resection, depending on lesion size and depth of invasion or presence of lymph node involvement. Appendiceal NETs are either treated with appendectomy or right hemicolectomy, depending on the size, location, and invasiveness of the lesions. For metastatic NETs, cytoreduction, liver transplantation, and targeted therapies offer symptom relief and possible survival benefits. Conclusions: Surgical resection provides curative potential for localized NETs and symptom control in metastatic cases. Future research is essential to refine guidelines for intermediate-risk lesions and multifocal tumors, ensuring optimal outcomes for patients with gastroenteropancreatic NETs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17030377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T12:24:09Z","timestamp":1737635049000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Surgical Management of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8555-6000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Kenney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Macon and Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 610, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marybeth","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Macon and Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University, 825 Fairfax Avenue, Suite 610, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21493","article-title":"Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume":"68","author":"Cives","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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