{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:20:18Z","timestamp":1791613218376,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In cancer, age and sex are often studied individually, but the impact of the intersection of these factors on cancer incidence and survival remains unclear. Using population-level data, we provide an up-to-date analysis of the impact of sex and age on cancer incidence and survival. Methods: Using data from the United States Cancer Statistics public use research database and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s National Program of Cancer Registries Survival database, we assessed sex and age differences in the incidence and survival of malignant cancers diagnosed from 2001 to 2020. Results: Males experienced higher cancer incidence than females in all sites and age groups, excluding 20\u201329- and 30\u201339-year-olds. The highest Male-to-female (M:F) age-adjusted incidence rates (IRR) were observed in mesothelioma within ages 80+ (IRR: 5.48; 95% CI: 5.25\u20135.71; p &lt; 0.001), and lowest in endocrine cancer within ages 20\u201329 years (M:F IRR: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.20\u20130.21; p &lt; 0.001). Among all sites and age groups, excluding 0\u20139 years, males experienced worse survival than females, particularly within ages 20\u201329 years (Hazard Ratio (HR): 2.19; 95% CI: 2.15\u20132.23; p &lt; 0.001). Highest M:F HRs were observed in endocrine system cancers within ages 20\u201329 (HR: 3.52; 95% CI: 3.15\u20133.94; p &lt; 0.001), and lowest among lymphomas within ages 0\u20139 (HR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.63\u20130.87; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Significant age and sex differences in cancer incidence and survival were observed across the US from 2001 to 2020. Males had a higher cancer incidence compared to females, with notable exceptions for younger age groups among certain types, suggesting age may be a critical component in further understanding the biology of sex differences in cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17030378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T03:26:31Z","timestamp":1737689191000},"page":"378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Pan-Cancer Analysis of Age and Sex Differences in Cancer Incidence and Survival in the United States, 2001\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Trans Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trans Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3186-8510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin A.","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trans Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah S.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill S.","family":"Barnholtz-Sloan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trans Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0036","article-title":"Sex Differences in Cancer Incidence and Survival: A Pan-Cancer Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. 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