{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:16:44Z","timestamp":1789147004546,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The incidence and mortality of early-onset cancers have been rising in recent decades. While epidemiological studies have examined various types of cancer, updated global data on alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer (PLC) in young adults remains limited. Methods: This study utilized data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study spanning 2000 to 2021 to evaluate the age-standardized incidence, mortality, and corresponding rates of alcohol-attributable PLC among young adults aged 15\u201349 years. Results: In 2021, there were 8290 incidence cases and 6590 deaths from alcohol-attributable PLC in young adults. The age-standardized incidence rate has increased in Europe (annual percent change [APC]: 0.44%, 95%CI 0.35 to 0.54%), Southeast Asia (APC: 0.40%, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.44%), and the Western Pacific region (APC: 0.65%, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.86%). In 2021, alcohol-attributable PLC in young adults represented 11% (+2% from 2000) of incident cases and 11% of (+2% from 2000) deaths among all PLC in young adults. About half of the countries showed an increase in the age-standardized incidence rate of alcohol-attributable PLC among young adults between 2000 and 2021. Conclusions: The incidence rate of alcohol-attributable liver cancer in young adults has shifted significantly over the past two decades, with notable increases in Europe and the Asia\u2013Pacific region. This trend underscores the need for global strategies to address the rising prevalence of alcohol use disorder and alcohol-associated liver disease and their impact on young adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17040609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T08:05:42Z","timestamp":1739347542000},"page":"609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Young Adults and Alcohol-Associated Liver Cancer: Incidence and Death from 2000 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pojsakorn","family":"Danpanichkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3872-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanfang","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533099, China"},{"name":"National Immunological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baise 533000, China"},{"name":"Center for Medical Laboratory Science, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533099, China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Antonio","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic-Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8320165, Chile"},{"name":"Observatorio Multic\u00e9ntrico de Enfermedades Gastrointestinales, OMEGA, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8561-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"Arab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo Young","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Midtown Campus, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0549-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Disatorn","family":"Dejvajara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varshini","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanathip","family":"Suenghataiphorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Griffin Hospital, Derby, CT 06418, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8069-0408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chalothorn","family":"Wannaphut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6853-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanokphong","family":"Suparan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-6343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karn","family":"Wijarnpreecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyunseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94063, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit G.","family":"Singal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Dong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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