{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:41:25Z","timestamp":1790023285103,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18K17031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K17031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20H03892"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H03892"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSPS KAKENHI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSPS KAKENHI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aimed to identify periodontal pathogens involved in the onset and progression of OSCC. Methods: Saliva samples were collected from 112 patients without oral mucosal diseases (OMDs) as controls; 36 patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs); and 104 patients with OSCC. Periodontal examinations were performed on all patients. Endpoint PCR was performed for seven species of oral pathogens. The 16S rRNA analysis was performed using 20 DNA samples from each group. Results: Periodontitis tended to worsen in the OMDs group compared to the control group. The number of oral bacteria was significantly higher in the OSCC group than in the other groups. The detection rates of P. gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) were significantly higher in the OSCC group than those in the control group. From 16S rRNA analysis, the relative abundance of Prevotella buccae and intermedia was significantly higher in OSCC than in the control. Moreover, LPS derived from P. gingivalis contributes to the early development of oral epithelial precancerous lesions and carcinomas in mice. Conclusions: Specific periodontal pathogens are present in the oral cavities of patients with OPMDs and OSCC, and changes in the bacterial flora due to their presence may contribute to the onset and progression of OMDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17040632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T12:06:32Z","timestamp":1739448392000},"page":"632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Involvement of Oral Microbiome in the Development of Oral Malignancy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1877-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Isono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4858-3391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shintaro","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Life Science Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6757-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cykinso, Inc., 1-36-1 Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9190-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya K.","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cykinso, Inc., 1-36-1 Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-0053, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ami","family":"Shimoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisao","family":"Yagishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Diagnosis, Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology and Oral Pathology Diagnostic Services, The Nippon Dental University Hospital, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Mitsudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7981-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitomu","family":"Kioi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.61.2929","article-title":"Oral Cavity Carcinoma: Current Management, Controversies, and Future Directions","volume":"33","author":"Chinn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21387","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2017","volume":"67","author":"Siegel","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0707975","article-title":"Recent Advances in Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"359","author":"Haddad","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"68","article-title":"Percivall Pott (1714\u20131788) and Chimney Sweepers\u2019 Cancer of the Scrotum","volume":"14","author":"Brown","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.27.3.174","article-title":"Experimental Study of the Pathogenesis of Carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Yamagiwa","year":"1977","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"3","article-title":"Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Gastric Cancerogenesis","volume":"60","author":"Konturek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209562","article-title":"Viral Hepatitis and Liver Cancer: The Case of Hepatitis C","volume":"25","author":"Levrero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60022-7","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer","volume":"382","author":"Crosbie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.97","article-title":"Relationship between Schistosomiasis and Bladder Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Mostafa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoneda, M., Naka, S., Nakano, K., Wada, K., Endo, H., Mawatari, H., Imajo, K., Nomura, R., Hokamura, K., and Ono, M. (2012). Involvement of a Periodontal Pathogen, Porphyromonas Gingivalis on the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-16"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshihara, T., Kioi, M., Baba, J., Usuda, H., Kessoku, T., Iwaki, M., Takatsu, T., Misawa, N., Ashikari, K., and Matsuura, T. (2021). A Prospective Interventional Trial on the Effect of Periodontal Treatment on Fusobacterium Nucleatum Abundance in Patients with Colorectal Tumours. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03083-4"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2009.10.007","article-title":"The Association between Periodontal Disease and Cancer: A Review of the Literature","volume":"38","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.83","article-title":"Metagenome-Wide Association Studies: Fine-Mining the Microbiome","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2014.08.004","article-title":"The Oral Microbiome and Oral Cancer","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(98)80012-2","article-title":"The Microflora Associated with Human Oral Carcinomas","volume":"34","author":"Nagy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-1007-2","article-title":"Bacterial Colonization of Microbial Biofilms in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Bolz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4248\/IJOS11075","article-title":"Presence of Porphyromonas Gingivalis in Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Katz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hebshi, N.N., Alharbi, F.A., Mahri, M., and Chen, T. (2017). Differences in the Bacteriome of Smokeless Tobacco Products with Different Oral Carcinogenicity: Compositional and Predicted Functional Analysis. Genes, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201703.0030.v1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Chu, M., Huang, Z., Yang, X., Ran, S., Hu, B., Zhang, C., and Liang, J. (2017). Variations in Oral Microbiota Associated with Oral Cancer. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11779-9"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Yang, J., Feng, Q., Chen, B., Li, M., Liang, C., Li, M., Li, Z., Xu, Q., and Zhang, L. (2019). Compositional and Functional Analysis of the Microbiome in Tissue and Saliva of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01439"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C.-Y., Yeh, Y.-M., Yu, H.-Y., Chin, C.-Y., Hsu, C.-W., Liu, H., Huang, P.-J., Hu, S.-N., Liao, C.-T., and Chang, K.-P. (2018). Oral Microbiota Community Dynamics Associated With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Staging. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00862"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-2358.2011.00517.x","article-title":"A Novel Rapid Oral Bacteria Detection Apparatus for Effective Oral Care to Prevent Pneumonia","volume":"29","author":"Kikutani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gerodontology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, Interactive, Scalable and Extensible Microbiome Data Science Using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bisanz, J. (2020, August 21). Tutorial: Integrating QIIME2 and R for Data Visualization and Analysis Using Qiime2R (v0.99.6). Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/jbisanz\/qiime2R."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Lahti, L., and Shetty, S. (2020, August 21). Microbiome R Package. 2012\u20132019. Available online: http:\/\/microbiome.github.io."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter, C.M., Frank, D.N., Williamson, K., Arbet, J., Wagner, B.D., Kechris, K., and Kroehl, M.E. (2021). TidyMicro: A Pipeline for Microbiome Data Analysis and Visualization Using the Tidyverse in R. BMC Bioinform., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-03967-2"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Oksanen, J., Simpson, G., Blanchet, F., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P., O\u2019Hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M., and Szoecs, E. (2020, November 28). _vegan: Community Ecology Package_.R Package Version 2.5-7. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2011.01386.x","article-title":"Topical and Intermittent Application of Parathyroid Hormone Recovers Alveolar Bone Loss in Rat Experimental Periodontitis","volume":"46","author":"Tokunaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5567","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.10.5567","article-title":"Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in Asia in the Past Decade\u2014An Update (2000\u20132012)","volume":"14","author":"Mejia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-007-0756-9","article-title":"Epidemiological Study of Malignant Tumors in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region: Survey of Member Institutions of the Japanese Society of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 2002","volume":"13","author":"Ariyoshi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamarajan, P., Ateia, I., Shin, J.M., Fenno, J.C., Le, C., Zhan, L., Chang, A., Darveau, R., and Kapila, Y.L. (2020). Periodontal Pathogens Promote Cancer Aggressivity via TLR\/MyD88 Triggered Activation of Integrin\/FAK Signaling That Is Therapeutically Reversible by a Probiotic Bacteriocin. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008881"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12211","article-title":"Porphyromonas Gingivalis Promotes Invasion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Induction of ProMMP9 and Its Activation","volume":"16","author":"Inaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hebshi, N.N., Nasher, A.T., Maryoud, M.Y., Homeida, H.E., Chen, T., Idris, A.M., and Johnson, N.W. (2017). Inflammatory Bacteriome Featuring Fusobacterium Nucleatum and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Identified in Association with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02079-3"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22613","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4209","article-title":"Periodontal Pathogens Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Fusobacterium Nucleatum Promote Tumor Progression in an Oral-Specific Chemical Carcinogenesis Model","volume":"6","author":"Fischman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, W., Fujiwara, N., Mouri, Y., Kisoda, S., Yoshida, K., Yoshida, K., Yumoto, H., Ozaki, K., Ishimaru, N., and Kudo, Y. (2021). Conversion from Epithelial to Partial-EMT Phenotype by Fusobacterium Nucleatum Infection Promotes Invasion of Oral Cancer Cells. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94384-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal5240","article-title":"Analysis of Fusobacterium Persistence and Antibiotic Response in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"358","author":"Bullman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316661","article-title":"Patients with Colorectal Cancer Have Identical Strains of Fusobacterium Nucleatum in Their Colorectal Cancer and Oral Cavity","volume":"68","author":"Komiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312580","article-title":"Human Oral Microbiome and Prospective Risk for Pancreatic Cancer: A Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study","volume":"67","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlafer, S., Riep, B., Griffen, A.L., Petrich, A., H\u00fcbner, J., Berning, M., Friedmann, A., G\u00f6bel, U.B., and Moter, A. (2010). Filifactor Alocis--Involvement in Periodontal Biofilms. BMC Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-66"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01727-14","article-title":"Proteome Analysis of Coinfection of Epithelial Cells with Filifactor Alocis and Porphyromonas Gingivalis Shows Modulation of Pathogen and Host Regulatory Pathways","volume":"82","author":"Aruni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13330","article-title":"Differences in the Periodontal Microbiome of Successfully Treated and Persistent Aggressive Periodontitis","volume":"47","author":"Nibali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mascitti, M., Togni, L., Troiano, G., Caponio, V.C.A., Gissi, D.B., Montebugnoli, L., Procaccini, M., Lo Muzio, L., and Santarelli, A. (2019). Beyond Head and Neck Cancer: The Relationship Between Oral Microbiota and Tumour Development in Distant Organs. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00232"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2016.03.007","article-title":"Changes in the Salivary Microbiota of Oral Leukoplakia and Oral Cancer","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46918-0","article-title":"A Molecular Analysis of the Bacteria Present within Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"56","author":"Hooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51320","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9710","article-title":"16S RRNA Amplicon Sequencing Identifies Microbiota Associated with Oral Cancer, Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Surgical Treatment","volume":"7","author":"Jedlicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W.-H., Chen, H.-M., Yang, S.-F., Liang, C., Peng, C.-Y., Lin, F.-M., Tsai, L.-L., Wu, B.-C., Hsin, C.-H., and Chuang, C.-Y. (2017). Bacterial Alterations in Salivary Microbiota and Their Association in Oral Cancer. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16418-x"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"25","article-title":"Fusobacterium Nucleatum in Periodontal Health and Disease","volume":"13","author":"Signat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.01.008","article-title":"Porphyromonas Gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Periodontitis and Serum Amyloid-Beta Peptides","volume":"99","author":"Leira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2003.10.002","article-title":"PCR Detection and Identification of Oral Streptococci in Saliva Samples Using Gtf Genes","volume":"48","author":"Hoshino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01007-08","article-title":"Disease Severity Associated with Presence in Subgingival Plaque of Porphyromonas Gingivalis, Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella Forsythia, Singly or in Combination, as Detected by Nested Multiplex PCR","volume":"46","author":"Ready","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1996.tb00180.x","article-title":"Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of 8 Putative Periodontal Pathogens in Subgingival Plaque of Gingivitis and Advanced Periodontitis Lesions","volume":"11","author":"Ashimoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Zhu, C., Li, F., Xu, W., Tao, D., and Feng, X. (2016). Putative Periodontopathic Bacteria and Herpesviruses in Pregnant Women: A Case-Control Study. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27796"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-010-0413-y","article-title":"PCR Detection of Streptococcus Mutans and Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans in Dental Plaque Samples from Haitian Adolescents","volume":"15","author":"Psoter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.5.1426-1430.1999","article-title":"Distribution of Porphyromonas Gingivalis Strains with FimA Genotypes in Periodontitis Patients","volume":"37","author":"Amano","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2007.01005.x","article-title":"Colonization Pattern of Periodontal Bacteria in Japanese Children and Their Mothers","volume":"43","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/4\/632\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:33:53Z","timestamp":1760027633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/4\/632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17040632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17040632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}}}