{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:12:59Z","timestamp":1787314379801,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pineoblastoma (PB) is a rare yet lethal pediatric brain cancer of the pineal gland, a small endocrine organ that secretes melatonin to regulate the circadian rhythm. For PB patients \u22645 years of age, the overall survival rate is approximately 15%; metastatic PB is incurable. Standard treatment, including surgical resection, radiation, and systemic chemotherapy, improves survival but compromises neurocognitive function. A better understanding of the disease and the generation of preclinical models may enable re-evaluation of previous clinical trials, development of precision therapeutic strategies and improve patient outcome. Over the past 5 years, PB has been recognized to include several major subtypes driven by (i) loss of microRNA processing factors DICER and DROSHA characterized by a relatively good prognosis; (ii) loss of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor RB1; and (iii) amplification or induction of the cMYC protooncogene, with the latter two subtypes exhibiting exceedingly poor prognosis. Recently, mouse models for the major PB subtypes (RB1-, DICER1- and DROSHA-) except MYC- have been established. This progress, including better understanding of the disease, cell of origin, tumor progression, role of autophagy, and targetable vulnerabilities, holds promise for novel therapeutic strategies to combat each subtype of this lethal childhood malignancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17050720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T07:53:06Z","timestamp":1740124386000},"page":"720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recent Advances in Pineoblastoma Research: Molecular Classification, Modelling and Targetable Vulnerabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle S.","family":"Allkanjari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3443-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip E. D.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronak","family":"Ghanbari-Azarnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5434-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Yeon","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaacov","family":"Ben-David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China"},{"name":"Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eldad","family":"Zacksenhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Max Bell Research Centre, Suite 5R406, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa200","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2013\u20132017","volume":"22","author":"Ostrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npac009","article-title":"Epidemiology of pineoblastoma in the United States, 2000\u20132017","volume":"9","author":"Greppin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. Pract"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.11.062","article-title":"Prognosis of pineal region tumors in children: A population-based study","volume":"194","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2011.05.001","article-title":"Contemporary management of pineoblastoma","volume":"22","author":"Tate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"576","article-title":"Evaluation of age-dependent treatment strategies for children and young adults with pineoblastoma: Analysis of pooled European Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOP-E) and US Head Start data","volume":"19","author":"Mynarek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx005","article-title":"Pineoblastoma-The Experience at St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital","volume":"81","author":"Parikh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26300","article-title":"The long-term postsurgical prognosis of patients with pineoblastoma","volume":"118","author":"Tate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0579-y","article-title":"Control of melatonin synthesis in the mammalian pineal gland: The critical role of serotonin acetylation","volume":"309","author":"Ganguly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.09.010","article-title":"Circadian control of the sleep-wake cycle","volume":"90","author":"Beersma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2016.04.016","article-title":"Effect of day\/night administration of three different inhalational anesthetics on melatonin levels in rats","volume":"32","author":"Ocmen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416021-7.00005-5","article-title":"The pineal gland from development to function","volume":"106","author":"Cau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"157","article-title":"Morphologic analysis of mice\u2019s pineal gland","volume":"28","author":"Matsunaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Morphol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0580-5","article-title":"The anatomy and innervation of the mammalian pineal gland","volume":"309","author":"Baeres","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mays, J.C., Kelly, M.C., Coon, S.L., Holtzclaw, L., Rath, M.F., Kelley, M.W., and Klein, D.C. (2018). Single-cell RNA sequencing of the mammalian pineal gland identifies two pinealocyte subtypes and cell type-specific daily patterns of gene expression. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205883"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32758","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M705950200","article-title":"Neural adrenergic\/cyclic AMP regulation of the immunoglobulin E receptor alpha-subunit expression in the mammalian pinealocyte: A neuroendocrine\/immune response link?","volume":"282","author":"Ganguly","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Daneman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(03)00080-6","article-title":"Principles of treatment of the pineal region tumors","volume":"59","author":"Konovalov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-009-9881-9","article-title":"Pineal gland tumors: Experience from the SEER database","volume":"94","author":"Sultan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2008-0037","article-title":"Pediatric central nervous system germ cell tumors: A review","volume":"13","author":"Fangusaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favero, G., Bonomini, F., and Rezzani, R. (2021). Pineal Gland Tumors: A Review. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071547"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19800315)45:6<1408::AID-CNCR2820450619>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"The separation of pineocytoma from pineoblastoma","volume":"45","author":"Borit","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000240462.80263.13","article-title":"Prognosis and histopathologic features in papillary tumors of the pineal region: A retrospective multicenter study of 31 cases","volume":"65","author":"Hasselblatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2006.00723.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical profile and chromosomal imbalances in papillary tumours of the pineal region","volume":"32","author":"Hasselblatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00081.x","article-title":"Papillary tumor of the pineal region and spindle cell oncocytoma of the pituitary: New tumor entities in the 2007 WHO Classification","volume":"17","author":"Roncaroli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200112000-00030","article-title":"Atypical pleomorphic astrocytoma in the pineal gland: Case report","volume":"49","author":"Nitta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-2-288","article-title":"Primary glioblastoma in the pineal region: A case report and review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Moon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(97)00302-9","article-title":"Ganglioglioma of the pineal region: Case report and review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Faillot","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1396653","article-title":"Low-Grade Oligodendroglioma of the Pineal Region: Case Report","volume":"76","author":"Lamis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Surg. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2009.01064.x","article-title":"Malignant solitary fibrous tumor arising from the pineal region: Case study and literature review","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-6-165","article-title":"Primary pineal melanoma presenting with leptomeningeal spreading in a 22-year-old woman: A case report","volume":"6","author":"Azimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0095-6","article-title":"Pinealoblastomas in children","volume":"22","author":"Cuccia","year":"2006","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2005.19.5.4","article-title":"Molecular genetics of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors and pineoblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos292","article-title":"Treatment of young children with CNS-primitive neuroectodermal tumors\/pineoblastomas in the prospective multicenter trial HIT 2000 using different chemotherapy regimens and radiotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Friedrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-012-0869-0","article-title":"Primary pineal tumors: Outcome and prognostic factors--a study from the Rare Cancer Network (RCN)","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.17","article-title":"Multifaceted chemotherapy for trilateral retinoblastoma","volume":"129","author":"Dimaras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.10.040","article-title":"Screening for Pineal Trilateral Retinoblastoma Revisited: A Meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Kors","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/13816810802043678","article-title":"Trilateral retinoblastoma with pituitary-hypothalamic dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"Dai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.14735\/amko2019S123","article-title":"DICER1 Syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Horinova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Klin. Onkol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26720","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26720","article-title":"DICER1 syndrome: Approach to testing and management at a large pediatric tertiary care center","volume":"65","author":"Villani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e406","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002518","article-title":"Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation and DICER1 Syndrome: A Case Report","volume":"45","author":"Gupte","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3802","article-title":"DICER1: Mutations, microRNAs and mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Foulkes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05029-3","article-title":"Recurrent homozygous deletion of DROSHA and microduplication of PDE4DIP in pineoblastoma","volume":"9","author":"Snuderl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02101-0","article-title":"Molecular subgrouping of primary pineal parenchymal tumors reveals distinct subtypes correlated with clinical parameters and genetic alterations","volume":"139","author":"Pfaff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02111-y","article-title":"Pineoblastoma segregates into molecular sub-groups with distinct clinico-pathologic features: A Rare Brain Tumor Consortium registry study","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02284-5","article-title":"Clinical and molecular heterogeneity of pineal parenchymal tumors: A consensus study","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70045-7","article-title":"Characterisation of retinoblastomas without RB1 mutations: Genomic, gene expression, and clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"Rushlow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.11.1390","article-title":"N-myc can functionally replace c-myc in murine development, cellular growth, and differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Malynn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13311","article-title":"PVT1 dependence in cancer with MYC copy-number increase","volume":"512","author":"Tseng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7316","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0837","article-title":"The coamplification pattern of the MYCN amplicon is an invariable attribute of most MYCN-amplified human neuroblastomas","volume":"12","author":"Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westermann, F., Muth, D., Benner, A., Bauer, T., Henrich, K.O., Oberthuer, A., Brors, B., Beissbarth, T., Vandesompele, J., and Pattyn, F. (2008). Distinct transcriptional MYCN\/c-MYC activities are associated with spontaneous regression or malignant progression in neuroblastomas. Genome Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2008-9-10-r150"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199509000-00003","article-title":"Pineoblastoma in adults","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.07.079","article-title":"Prognosis of Pediatric Patients with Pineoblastoma: A SEER Analysis 1990\u20132013","volume":"118","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Gaillard, F., Deng, F., and Gagen, R. (2023). WHO Classification of CNS Tumors."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2011.01202.x","article-title":"Utility of Ki67 immunostaining in the grading of pineal parenchymal tumours: A multicentre study","volume":"38","author":"Vasiljevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02478904","article-title":"Clinicopathological study of pineal parenchymal tumors: Correlation between histopathological features, proliferative potential, and prognosis","volume":"16","author":"Tsumanuma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00242.x","article-title":"Pineal parenchymal tumors: A correlation of histological features with prognosis in 66 cases","volume":"10","author":"Jouvet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.10.28","article-title":"Histopathology of tumors of the pineal region","volume":"6","author":"Vasiljevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zacksenhaus, E., and Egan, S.E. (2021). Progression to Metastasis of Solid Cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040717"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39935-y","article-title":"Distinct shared and compartment-enriched oncogenic networks drive primary versus metastatic breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.45.132","article-title":"Management and survival of pineoblastoma: An analysis of 34 adults from the brain tumor registry of Japan","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"249","article-title":"Gamma Knife treatment of malignant infantile brain tumors-Case report","volume":"5","author":"Horiba","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Radiosurg. SBRT"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.038","article-title":"A Hematogenous Route for Medulloblastoma Leptomeningeal Metastases","volume":"172","author":"Garzia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00450-y","article-title":"Role of the nervous system in cancers: A review","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00556-8","article-title":"The neural addiction of cancer","volume":"23","author":"Magnon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1564-x","article-title":"Glutamatergic synaptic input to glioma cells drives brain tumour progression","volume":"573","author":"Venkataramani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.054","article-title":"Glioblastoma hijacks neuronal mechanisms for brain invasion","volume":"185","author":"Venkataramani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07767-5","article-title":"Neuronal substance P drives metastasis through an extracellular RNA-TLR7 axis","volume":"633","author":"Padmanaban","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae128","article-title":"SNO-EANO-EURACAN consensus on management of pineal parenchymal tumors","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2013.11.008","article-title":"Anatomy of the pineal region applied to its surgical approach","volume":"61","author":"Simon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Major, N., Patel, N.A., Bennett, J., Novakovic, E., Poloni, D., Abraham, M., Brown, N.J., Gendreau, J.L., Sahyouni, R., and Loya, J. (2022). The Current State of Radiotherapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors: An Overview of Post-Radiotherapy Neurocognitive Decline and Outcomes. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12071050"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-22-2948","article-title":"Topoisomerase 1 Inhibition in MYC-Driven Cancer Promotes Aberrant R-Loop Accumulation to Induce Synthetic Lethality","volume":"83","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.03.039","article-title":"Identification of CDC25 as a Common Therapeutic Target for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30940","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25797","article-title":"The vulnerability of RB loss in breast cancer: Targeting a void in cell cycle control","volume":"9","author":"Knudsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0207-3","article-title":"A biobank of patient-derived pediatric brain tumor models","volume":"24","author":"Brabetz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nature26000","article-title":"DNA methylation-based classification of central nervous system tumours","volume":"555","author":"Capper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.015","article-title":"New Brain Tumor Entities Emerge from Molecular Classification of CNS-PNETs","volume":"164","author":"Sturm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70336-5","article-title":"Trilateral retinoblastoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kors","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1318-7","article-title":"Germ-line and somatic DICER1 mutations in pineoblastoma","volume":"128","author":"Sabbaghian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00905-8","article-title":"DICER1 tumor predisposition syndrome: An evolving story initiated with the pleuropulmonary blastoma","volume":"35","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2022.100647","article-title":"The miR-17-92 cluster: Yin and Yang in human cancers","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02139-5","article-title":"Pineoblastoma is uniquely tolerant of mutually exclusive loss of DICER1, DROSHA or DGCR8","volume":"139","author":"Rivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7841","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0970","article-title":"microRNA signature and expression of Dicer and Drosha can predict prognosis and delineate risk groups in neuroblastoma","volume":"70","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2344","article-title":"DGCR8 HITS-CLIP reveals novel functions for the Microprocessor","volume":"19","author":"Macias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.20457","article-title":"One hit, two hits, three hits, more? Genomic changes in the development of retinoblastoma","volume":"46","author":"Corson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.004","article-title":"FOXR2 Interacts with MYC to Promote Its Transcriptional Activities and Tumorigenesis","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz067","article-title":"Foxr2 promotes formation of CNS-embryonal tumors in a Trp53-deficient background","volume":"21","author":"Poh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz102","article-title":"A fox with many faces: FOXR2 and embryonal brain tumors","volume":"21","author":"Eberhart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.02540","article-title":"FOXR2 Stabilizes MYCN Protein and Identifies Non-MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma Patients with Unfavorable Outcome","volume":"39","author":"Toprak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Canadian Cancer Society (2025, February 16). Radiation Therapy for Childhood Brain & Spinal Cord Tumours. Available online: https:\/\/cancer.ca\/en\/cancer-information\/cancer-types\/brain-and-spinal-cord-childhood\/treatment\/radiation-therapy."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16478","article-title":"Divergent clonal selection dominates medulloblastoma at recurrence","volume":"529","author":"Morrissy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, A., Kendi, A.T., Johnson, G.B., Halfdanarson, T.R., and Sartor, O. (2023). Targeted Alpha-Particle Therapy: A Review of Current Trials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411626"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, A., Gaikwad, U., Krishnan, G., Rajendran, A., Patil, S., Subramaniam, P., Krishna, U., Wakde, M.G., Chilukuri, S., and Jalali, R. (2023). Successful Implementation of Image-Guided Pencil-Beam Scanning Proton Therapy in Medulloblastomas. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213378"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3554","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of tumorspheres from a recurrent pineoblastoma patient: Feasibility of a patient-derived xenograft","volume":"49","author":"Kwak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15585-2","article-title":"Modeling germline mutations in pineoblastoma uncovers lysosome disruption-based therapy","volume":"11","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraire, C.R., Desai, K., Obalapuram, U.A., Mendyka, L.K., Rajaram, V., Sebastian, T., Wang, Y., Onel, K., Lee, J., and Skapek, S.X. (2024). An imbalance between proliferation and differentiation underlies the development of 1 microRNA-defective pineoblastoma. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.23.590638"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(95)00271-S","article-title":"Immortalization of neuroendocrine pinealocytes from transgenic mice by targeted tumorigenesis using the tryptophan hydroxylase promoter","volume":"37","author":"Son","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0894-480","article-title":"Cooperative tumorigenic effects of germline mutations in Rb and p53","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4635","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205575","article-title":"Tumor formation in mice with somatic inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene in interphotoreceptor retinol binding protein-expressing cells","volume":"21","author":"Vooijs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.21.4323","article-title":"Cre-mediated gene deletion in the mammary gland","volume":"25","author":"Wagner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-1892","article-title":"p18Ink4c and p53 Act as tumor suppressors in cyclin D1-driven primitive neuroectodermal tumor","volume":"69","author":"Saab","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/10245330500093468","article-title":"Donor hematopoietic cells from transgenic mice that express GFP are immunogenic in immunocompetent recipients","volume":"10","author":"Bubnic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-016-9670-8","article-title":"Cellular GFP Toxicity and Immunogenicity: Potential Confounders in in Vivo Cell Tracking Experiments","volume":"12","author":"Ansari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11412","article-title":"Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours","volume":"490","author":"Koboldt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6744","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7744","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing of pancreatic cancer defines genetic diversity and therapeutic targets","volume":"6","author":"Witkiewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4307","article-title":"SOX2 promotes lineage plasticity and antiandrogen resistance in TP53- and RB1-deficient prostate cancer","volume":"355","author":"Mu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81568","article-title":"RB1 deficiency in triple-negative breast cancer induces mitochondrial protein translation","volume":"126","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11979","article-title":"Ovarian surface epithelium at the junction area contains a cancer-prone stem cell niche","volume":"495","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7889","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0486","article-title":"Synergy of p53 and Rb deficiency in a conditional mouse model for metastatic prostate cancer","volume":"66","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1675-3","article-title":"In vivo models of brain tumors: Roles of genetically engineered mouse models in understanding tumor biology and use in preclinical studies","volume":"71","author":"Simeonova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2004.05.025","article-title":"Cell-specific effects of RB or RB\/p107 loss on retinal development implicate an intrinsically death-resistant cell-of-origin in retinoblastoma","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1203304","article-title":"Cell type-specific effects of Rb deletion in the murine retina","volume":"18","author":"MacPherson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.8.8.7921","article-title":"High incidence of allelic loss at 16q12.2 region spanning RBL2\/p130 gene in retinoblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Priya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132939","article-title":"The Connectivity Map: Using gene-expression signatures to connect small molecules, genes, and disease","volume":"313","author":"Lamb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0096","article-title":"Integrative Cancer Pharmacogenomics to Infer Large-Scale Drug Taxonomy","volume":"77","author":"Gendoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv723","article-title":"PharmacoGx: An R package for analysis of large pharmacogenomic datasets","volume":"32","author":"Smirnov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.01.022","article-title":"Targeting the Vulnerability of RB Tumor Suppressor Loss in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Witkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0469","article-title":"Aurora A Kinase Inhibition Is Synthetic Lethal with Loss of the RB1 Tumor Suppressor Gene","volume":"9","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-023-00475-1","article-title":"CDK4\/6 inhibitors and the pRB-E2F1 axis suppress PVR and PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Shrestha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.09.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial OXPHOS Induced by RB1 Deficiency in Breast Cancer: Implications for Anabolic Metabolism, Stemness, and Metastasis","volume":"3","author":"Zacksenhaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, T.J., Liu, J.C., Vizeacoumar, F., Sun, T., Maclean, N., Egan, S.E., Schimmer, A.D., Datti, A., and Zacksenhaus, E. (2013). RB1 status in triple negative breast cancer cells dictates response to radiation treatment and selective therapeutic drugs. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078641"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.106229","article-title":"Methylation data of mouse Rb-deficient pineoblastoma","volume":"32","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, J., Borenas, M., Xiong, J., Lai, W.Y., Palmer, R.H., and Hallberg, B. (2023). IGF1R Contributes to Cell Proliferation in ALK-Mutated Neuroblastoma with Preference for Activating the PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15174252"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20235","article-title":"Transgenic mice for Cre-inducible overexpression of the oncogenes c-MYC and Pim-1 in multiple tissues","volume":"44","author":"Roh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Eltoum, I.E., Roh, M., Wang, J., and Abdulkadir, S.A. (2009). Interactions between cells with distinct mutations in c-MYC and Pten in prostate cancer. PLoS Genet., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000542"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80308-1","article-title":"Ras enhances Myc protein stability","volume":"3","author":"Sears","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.836800","article-title":"Multiple Ras-dependent phosphorylation pathways regulate Myc protein stability","volume":"14","author":"Sears","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.22","article-title":"NVP-BEZ235, a novel dual PI3K\/mTOR inhibitor, enhances the radiosensitivity of human glioma stem cells in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.02.011","article-title":"HDAC and PI3K Antagonists Cooperate to Inhibit Growth of MYC-Driven Medulloblastoma","volume":"29","author":"Pei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., Edwards, H., Caldwell, J.T., Buck, S.A., Qing, W.Y., Taub, J.W., Ge, Y., and Wang, Z. (2013). Panobinostat synergistically enhances the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin, doxorubicin or etoposide on high-risk neuroblastoma cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076662"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56747","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18132","article-title":"Panobinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, suppresses leptomeningeal seeding in a medulloblastoma animal model","volume":"8","author":"Phi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0418","article-title":"Targeting MYCN in neuroblastoma by BET bromodomain inhibition","volume":"3","author":"Puissant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"879","article-title":"Bromodomain inhibitor jq1 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of glioma stem cells through the VEGF\/PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway","volume":"55","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-2281","article-title":"BET bromodomain inhibition of MYC-amplified medulloblastoma","volume":"20","author":"Bandopadhayay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.024","article-title":"CDK7 inhibition suppresses super-enhancer-linked oncogenic transcription in MYCN-driven cancer","volume":"159","author":"Chipumuro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3167","article-title":"What are super-enhancers?","volume":"47","author":"Pott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.001","article-title":"Activation of Oncogenic Super-Enhancers Is Coupled with DNA Repair by RAD51","volume":"29","author":"Hazan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00367-9","article-title":"MYC protein interactors in gene transcription and cancer","volume":"21","author":"Lourenco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12556","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319488111","article-title":"Inhibitor of MYC identified in a Krohnke pyridine library","volume":"111","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28107-4","article-title":"A selective high affinity MYC-binding compound inhibits MYC:MAX interaction and MYC-dependent tumor cell proliferation","volume":"8","author":"Castell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.10.001","article-title":"Small-Molecule MYC Inhibitors Suppress Tumor Growth and Enhance Immunotherapy","volume":"36","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabh3635","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh3635","article-title":"A MYC inhibitor selectively alters the MYC and MAX cistromes and modulates the epigenomic landscape to regulate target gene expression","volume":"8","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20211743","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211743","article-title":"MYC is a clinically significant driver of mTOR inhibitor resistance in breast cancer","volume":"220","author":"Bhin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-15-0507","article-title":"MYC, Metabolism, and Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Stine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"103","article-title":"The effects of MYC on tumor immunity and immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkatraman, S., Balasubramanian, B., Thuwajit, C., Meller, J., Tohtong, R., and Chutipongtanate, S. (2024). Targeting MYC at the intersection between cancer metabolism and oncoimmunology. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1324045"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106825","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020106825","article-title":"Hypophosphorylated pRb knock-in mice exhibit hallmarks of aging and vitamin C-preventable diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.277037.122","article-title":"A temporal in vivo catalog of chromatin accessibility and expression profiles in pineoblastoma reveals a prevalent role for repressor elements","volume":"33","author":"Idriss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13889","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13889","article-title":"HS1BP3 negatively regulates autophagy by modulation of phosphatidic acid levels","volume":"7","author":"Holland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-024-02967-9","article-title":"Heterogeneity and tumoral origin of medulloblastoma in the single-cell era","volume":"43","author":"Sheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.06.011","article-title":"Early rhombic lip Protogenin(+ve) stem cells in a human-specific neurovascular niche initiate and maintain group 3 medulloblastoma","volume":"187","author":"Visvanathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn024","article-title":"Loss of RB1 induces non-proliferative retinoma; increasing genomic instability correlates with progression to retinoblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Dimaras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/5\/720\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:38:54Z","timestamp":1760027934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/5\/720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17050720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17050720","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]}}}