{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:29:34Z","timestamp":1792787374433,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-parametric flow cytometry is a powerful diagnostic tool that permits rapid assessment of cellular antigen expression to quickly provide immunophenotypic information suitable for disease classification. This chapter describes the classification of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) by flow cytometry suitable for the clinical and research environment. In addition to describing the immunophenotypic patterns of the most common B-NHL (including examples of common B-NHL), the effect of anti-CD19, -CD20, and -CD38 therapies on the evaluation of flow cytometric data is also discussed. Over the last 15 years, our laboratory has developed flow cytometry combinations that can immunophenotype classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL), and T-cell\/histocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL) and the use of these assays will be presented. The CHL assay combination is also particularly well suited to immunophenotype primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMLBCL) and our experience immunophenotyping PMLBCL by flow cytometry will be discussed. Finally, an approach to the evaluation of the reactive infiltrate of CHL, NLPHL, and THRLBCL that can provide diagnostic information will also be provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17050814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T08:04:44Z","timestamp":1740643484000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Flow Cytometry for B-Cell Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin Lymphomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"David C.","family":"Gajzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 825 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2287-5284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Fromm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, 825 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"McPherson, R.A., and Pincus, M.R. (2022). The Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Hematopoietic Neoplasia. Henry\u2019s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-120535","article-title":"Flow cytometric immunophenotyping for hematologic neoplasms","volume":"111","author":"Craig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21756","article-title":"The current role of clinical flow cytometry in the evaluation of mature B-cell neoplasms","volume":"96","author":"Seegmiller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2023.04.010","article-title":"Advances in Monitoring and Prognostication for Lymphoma by Flow Cytometry","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015851","article-title":"The International Consensus Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms: A report from the Clinical Advisory Committee","volume":"140","author":"Campo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01620-2","article-title":"The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Lymphoid Neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Alaggio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4188-0_2","article-title":"Flow Cytometry for Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin Lymphomas","volume":"2865","author":"Gajzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4188-0_7","article-title":"Flow Cytometric MRD Detection in Selected Mature B-Cell Malignancies","volume":"2865","author":"Engelmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2019.10.004","article-title":"Depletion of the transcriptional coactivators CREB-binding protein or EP300 downregulates CD20 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells and impairs the cytotoxic effects of anti-CD20 antibodies","volume":"79","author":"Scialdone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31817d7452","article-title":"CD20+ T-cell lymphoma: Clinicopathologic analysis of 9 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Rahemtullah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/08820130500496878","article-title":"A quantitative exploration of surface antigen expression in common B-cell malignancies using flow cytometry","volume":"35","author":"Olejniczak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9151-8_2","article-title":"Flow Cytometry for Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin Lymphomas","volume":"1956","author":"Glynn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.19041","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia\/small lymphocytic lymphoma and other indolent lymphomas, including mantle cell lymphoma","volume":"60","author":"Yoshino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hematop."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9650-6_17","article-title":"Clinical Flow-Cytometric Testing in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"2032","author":"Salem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2022.106840","article-title":"CD5-positive marginal zone lymphoma: Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes","volume":"117","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2007.06965.x","article-title":"CD49d expression is an independent predictor of overall survival in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: A prognostic parameter with therapeutic potential","volume":"140","author":"Shanafelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galigalidou, C., Zaragoza-Infante, L., Iatrou, A., Chatzidimitriou, A., Stamatopoulos, K., and Agathangelidis, A. (2021). Understanding Monoclonal B Cell Lymphocytosis: An Interplay of Genetic and Microenvironmental Factors. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.769612"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0654-OA","article-title":"A Tissue Counterpart to Monoclonal B-Cell Lymphocytosis","volume":"145","author":"Habermehl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol28050297","article-title":"New Insights into the Biology and Diagnosis of Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphomas","volume":"28","author":"Donzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqx041","article-title":"Flow Cytometric Patterns of CD200 and CD1d Expression Distinguish CD10-Negative, CD5-Negative Mature B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders","volume":"148","author":"Mason","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hemonc.2020.10.003","article-title":"Frequency of MYD88 L256P mutation and its correlation with clinico-hematological profile in mature B-cell neoplasm","volume":"14","author":"Shekhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Stem Cell Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2012.11.021","article-title":"Distinguishing hairy cell leukemia variant from hairy cell leukemia: Development and validation of diagnostic criteria","volume":"37","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0093-8","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and molecular features in hairy cell leukemia-variant: Single institutional experience","volume":"31","author":"Angelova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1309\/5EL22BH45PHUPM8P","article-title":"Immunophenotypic differentiation between neoplastic plasma cells in mature B-cell lymphoma vs plasma cell myeloma","volume":"127","author":"Seegmiller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-015-1858-9","article-title":"The many faces of small B cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation and the contribution of MYD88 testing","volume":"468","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"539","article-title":"CD10 expression in follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma is different from that of reactive lymph node follicles","volume":"122","author":"Almasri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20030","article-title":"Diminished expression of CD19 in B-cell lymphomas","volume":"63","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1309\/2GFKU23XA1DH38L7","article-title":"Abnormal patterns of antigenic expression in follicular lymphoma: A flow cytometric study","volume":"124","author":"Ray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20477","article-title":"Flow cytometric evaluation of CD38 expression assists in distinguishing follicular hyperplasia from follicular lymphoma","volume":"76","author":"Mantei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1309\/57G0-1BNF-KB9R-L4HN","article-title":"Lack of surface immunoglobulin light chain expression by flow cytometric immunophenotyping can help diagnose peripheral B-cell lymphoma","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1309\/820R476KY9G03L9A","article-title":"bcl-2 expression by multicolor flow cytometric analysis assists in the diagnosis of follicular lymphoma in lymph node and bone marrow","volume":"119","author":"Cook","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/00365513.2021.1929446","article-title":"Flow cytometric expression of CD71, CD81, CD44 and CD39 in B cell lymphoma","volume":"81","author":"Espasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp-2023-209366","article-title":"Use of CD32, CD44 and CD71 to differentiate follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subtypes by flow cytometry","volume":"77","author":"Schwarz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1309\/X8LBRRBBC43PL9HC","article-title":"The usefulness of CD71 expression by flow cytometry for differentiating indolent from aggressive CD10+ B-cell lymphomas","volume":"126","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/pjp.2018.75332","article-title":"Comprehensive histopathological diagnostics of aggressive B-cell lymphomas based on the updated criteria of the World Health Organisation\u2019s 2017 classification","volume":"69","author":"Rymkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2010.03703.x","article-title":"Flow cytometry and its use in the diagnosis and management of mature lymphoid malignancies","volume":"58","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP7YLDTJPLCE5F","article-title":"\u201cDouble-Hit\u201d mature B-cell lymphomas show a common immunophenotype by flow cytometry that includes decreased CD20 expression","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0112-9","article-title":"High-grade B-cell lymphomas with TdT expression: A diagnostic and classification dilemma","volume":"32","author":"Ok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.14740\/jh1067","article-title":"Transformed Plasmablastic Lymphoma Presenting With Marked Lymphocytosis and Spontaneous Tumor Lysis Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Hadjiyannis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"e25637","article-title":"Flow Cytometric Findings in Primary Effusion Lymphoma: A Report of Two Cases","volume":"14","author":"Alkhasawneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1309\/1G5F902YE7DDUNMA","article-title":"Restricted kappa\/lambda light chain ratio by flow cytometry in germinal center B cells in Hashimoto thyroiditis","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1309\/4EJ8T3R2ERKQ61WH","article-title":"Prominent clonal B-cell populations identified by flow cytometry in histologically reactive lymphoid proliferations","volume":"121","author":"Kussick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"S19","article-title":"Different biology and clinical outcome according to the absolute numbers of clonal B-cells in monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL)","volume":"78","author":"Rawstron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3960\/jslrt.23010","article-title":"Precursory or early lesions of follicular lymphoma: Clinical features, pathology, and genetics","volume":"63","author":"Oishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hematop."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.085506","article-title":"Follicular lymphoma-like B cells of uncertain significance (in situ follicular lymphoma) may infrequently progress, but precedes follicular lymphoma, is associated with other overt lymphomas and mimics follicular lymphoma in flow cytometric studies","volume":"98","author":"Pillai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2017-0442","article-title":"CLL2-BXX Phase II trials: Sequential, targeted treatment for eradication of minimal residual disease in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"14","author":"Cramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.1.29","article-title":"Quantitation of minimal disease levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia using a sensitive flow cytometric assay improves the prediction of outcome and can be used to optimize therapy","volume":"98","author":"Rawstron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-05-714162","article-title":"Minimal residual disease is an independent predictor for 10-year survival in CLL","volume":"128","author":"Kwok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.313","article-title":"A complementary role of multiparameter flow cytometry and high-throughput sequencing for minimal residual disease detection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An European Research Initiative on CLL study","volume":"30","author":"Rawstron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2009.140","article-title":"Standardized MRD flow and ASO IGH RQ-PCR for MRD quantification in CLL patients after rituximab-containing immunochemotherapy: A comparative analysis","volume":"23","author":"Bottcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9151-8_8","article-title":"Flow Cytometric MRD Detection in Selected Mature B-Cell Malignancies","volume":"1956","author":"Bottcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9151-8_9","article-title":"MRD Detection in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas Using Ig Gene Rearrangements and Chromosomal Translocations as Targets for Real-Time Quantitative PCR","volume":"1956","author":"Pott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, T., Mero, P., and Booth, J.W. (2011). Dynamics of macrophage trogocytosis of rituximab-coated B cells. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014498"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabkowska, A., Domka, K., and Firczuk, M. (2024). Advancements in cancer immunotherapies targeting CD20: From pioneering monoclonal antibodies to chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1363102"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2010.01.011","article-title":"Rituximab: Mechanism of action","volume":"47","author":"Weiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355ra116","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf8621","article-title":"Immunotherapy of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma with a defined ratio of CD8+ and CD4+ CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells","volume":"8","author":"Turtle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.72.8519","article-title":"Durable Molecular Remissions in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treated With CD19-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells After Failure of Ibrutinib","volume":"35","author":"Turtle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2023.12.002","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"38","author":"Zweegman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2023.2246651","article-title":"Role of daratumumab in the frontline management of multiple myeloma: A narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Yadav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szlasa, W., Czarny, J., Sauer, N., Rakoczy, K., Szymanska, N., Stecko, J., Kolodziej, M., Kazmierczak, M., and Barg, E. (2022). Targeting CD38 in Neoplasms and Non-Cancer Diseases. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174169"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.659","article-title":"The Reed-Sternberg cell in classical Hodgkin\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"233","article-title":"Cellular origin and clonality of classic Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: Immunophenotypic and molecular studies","volume":"36","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.4.1443.004k55_1443_1450","article-title":"Hodgkin and reed-sternberg cells represent an expansion of a single clone originating from a germinal center B-cell with functional immunoglobulin gene rearrangements but defective immunoglobulin transcription","volume":"95","author":"Marafioti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Siebert, R., and de Jong, D. (2022). Classic Hodgkin lymphoma. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Haematolymphoid Tumours, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Internet, Beta Version Ahead of Print."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis of Hodgkin\u2019s disease, Hodgkin\u2019s like anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and T cell\/histiocyte-rich B cell lymphoma","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Mason","year":"1999","journal-title":"Human Lymphoma: Clinical Implications of the REAL Classification"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1984.74","article-title":"Characteristics of Sternberg-Reed, and related cells in Hodgkin\u2019s disease: An immunohistological study","volume":"49","author":"Dorreen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91602-X","article-title":"Letter: Origin of Hodgkin\u2019s cell","volume":"2","author":"Kadin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)90281-1","article-title":"Reed-Sternberg-cell\/lymphocyte interaction","volume":"2","author":"Payne","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Reed-Sternberg cell\/lymphocyte interaction: Ultrastructure and characteristics of binding","volume":"100","author":"Payne","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"37","article-title":"Molecular pathways of adhesion in spontaneous rosetting of T-lymphocytes to the Hodgkin\u2019s cell line L428","volume":"48","author":"Sanders","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711220205","article-title":"Rosetting and other reactions of the Reed-Sternberg cell","volume":"122","author":"Stuart","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1309\/7371XK6F6P7474XX","article-title":"Identification and purification of classical Hodgkin cells from lymph nodes by flow cytometry and flow cytometric cell sorting","volume":"126","author":"Fromm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61245","article-title":"Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"122","author":"Kuppers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15614","article-title":"Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era","volume":"184","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPW3UN9DYLDSPB","article-title":"Flow cytometry can diagnose classical hodgkin lymphoma in lymph nodes with high sensitivity and specificity","volume":"131","author":"Fromm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2012.03.028","article-title":"Strategies for immunophenotyping and purifying classical Hodgkin lymphoma cells from lymph nodes by flow cytometry and flow cytometric cell sorting","volume":"57","author":"Fromm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.22045","article-title":"A comparison and review of the flow cytometric findings in classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, T cell\/histiocyte rich large B cell lymphoma, and primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma","volume":"102","author":"Martig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2023.04.011","article-title":"A Review of the Flow Cytometric Findings in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma, Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma and T Cell\/Histiocyte-Rich Large B Cell Lymphoma","volume":"43","author":"Ally","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0795-OA","article-title":"Role of Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping for Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma in Small Biopsy and Cytology Specimens","volume":"146","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP0Q1SVOXBHMAM","article-title":"A six-color flow cytometry assay for immunophenotyping classical Hodgkin lymphoma in lymph nodes","volume":"141","author":"Fromm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387034","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/387034","article-title":"Flow cytometric detection of the classical hodgkin lymphoma: Clinical and research applications","volume":"2011","author":"Roshal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199910000-00008","article-title":"Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells of B-cell phenotype and genotype associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection","volume":"23","author":"Fend","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31804bdaf8","article-title":"IgVH mutational status and clonality analysis of Richter\u2019s transformation: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma in association with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) represent 2 different pathways of disease evolution","volume":"31","author":"Mao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199209000-00004","article-title":"Chronic lymphocytic leukemia\/small lymphocytic lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells and possible transformation to Hodgkin\u2019s disease. Mediation by Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"16","author":"Momose","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.5.1757","article-title":"Origin of the Hodgkin\/Reed-Sternberg cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with \u201cHodgkin\u2019s transformation\u201d","volume":"91","author":"Ohno","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp-2022-208552","article-title":"Predictors of risk of relapse in classic Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"76","author":"Fromm","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.243287","article-title":"Whole-slide image analysis of the tumor microenvironment identifies low B-cell content as a predictor of adverse outcome in patients with advanced-stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma treated with BEACOPP","volume":"106","author":"Jachimowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.39.9881","article-title":"Expression of FOXP3, CD68, and CD20 at diagnosis in the microenvironment of classical Hodgkin lymphoma is predictive of outcome","volume":"31","author":"Greaves","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.4.1207.004k34_1207_1213","article-title":"Tissue eosinophilia correlates strongly with poor prognosis in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin\u2019s disease, allowing for known prognostic factors","volume":"95","author":"Seth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-024109","article-title":"Hodgkin lymphoma and immunodeficiency in persons with HIV\/AIDS","volume":"108","author":"Biggar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2015.01.002","article-title":"Emerging biological insights and novel treatment strategies in primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"52","author":"Dunleavy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E436","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24485","article-title":"The immunophenotypic spectrum of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma reveals prognostic biomarkers associated with outcome","volume":"91","author":"Bledsoe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2019.08.013","article-title":"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma variants: An update","volume":"52","author":"Sukswai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-06-1841","article-title":"The molecular signature of mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma differs from that of other diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and shares features with classical Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"102","author":"Savage","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-282780","article-title":"Integrative analysis reveals selective 9p24.1 amplification, increased PD-1 ligand expression, and further induction via JAK2 in nodular sclerosing Hodgkin lymphoma and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"116","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09754","article-title":"MHC class II transactivator CIITA is a recurrent gene fusion partner in lymphoid cancers","volume":"471","author":"Steidl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.5858\/2009-0463-RSR.1","article-title":"Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma: A short review with brief discussion of mediastinal gray zone lymphoma","volume":"135","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21544","article-title":"Evaluation of primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma by flow cytometry","volume":"94","author":"Cherian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-05-326538","article-title":"The molecular pathogenesis of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"118","author":"Steidl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"de Jong, D., and Khoury, J.D. (2022). Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Haematolymphoid Tumours, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [5th ed.]. Internet, Beta Version Ahead of Print."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092209","article-title":"Pathogenesis of classical and lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Schmitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2016.05.007","article-title":"Hodgkin lymphoma: Pathology and biology","volume":"53","author":"Mathas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"de Jong, D. (2022). Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Haematolymphoid Tumours, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [5th ed.]. Internet, Beta Version Ahead of Print."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1309\/38RK238FCDCH5R22","article-title":"Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. An immunophenotypic reappraisal based on a single-institution experience","volume":"119","author":"Uherova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"220","article-title":"Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas: Classification, diagnosis, and grading","volume":"36","author":"Harris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"159","article-title":"Hodgkin\u2019s disease: Classification and differential diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2016.10.007","article-title":"Characterization and Purification of Neoplastic Cells of Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma from Lymph Nodes by Flow Cytometry and Flow Cytometric Cell Sorting","volume":"187","author":"Fromm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-01-330357","article-title":"Fc gamma receptor IIb on target B cells promotes rituximab internalization and reduces clinical efficacy","volume":"118","author":"Lim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2016-204065","article-title":"T cell-rich lymphoid infiltrates with large B cells: A review of key entities and diagnostic approach","volume":"70","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Ott, G. (2022). T cell\/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Haematolymphoid Tumours, International Agency for Research on Cancer. [5th ed.]. Internet, Beta Version Ahead of Print."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-011-1165-z","article-title":"T cell\/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma: An update on its biology and classification","volume":"459","author":"Tousseyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virchows Arch. Int. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2002.01291.x","article-title":"Histiocyte-rich, T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma: A distinct diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subtype showing characteristic morphologic and immunophenotypic features","volume":"40","author":"Achten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200211000-00008","article-title":"T-cell\/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma: A heterogeneous entity with derivation from germinal center B cells","volume":"26","author":"Lim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21834","article-title":"Immunophenotypic Characterization and Purification of Neoplastic Cells from Lymph Nodes Involved by T-Cell\/Histiocyte-rich Large B-cell Lymphoma by Flow Cytometry and Flow Cytometric Cell Sorting","volume":"98","author":"Glynn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20459","article-title":"Overexpression of CD7 in classical Hodgkin lymphoma-infiltrating T lymphocytes","volume":"76","author":"Seegmiller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20535","article-title":"Increased expression of T cell antigens on T cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"78","author":"Fromm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21261","article-title":"Reactive T cells by flow cytometry distinguish Hodgkin lymphomas from T cell\/histiocyte-rich large B cell lymphoma","volume":"90","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"86","article-title":"A new approach to the study of Hodgkin lymphoma by flow cytometry","volume":"55","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1309\/Y8KD32QGRYFN1XQX","article-title":"A double-positive CD4+ CD8+ T-cell population is commonly found in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"126","author":"Rahemtullah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190802308728","article-title":"Beyond the lymphocyte predominant cell: CD4+ CD8+ T-cells in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"49","author":"Rahemtullah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqv017","article-title":"Diagnostic Utility of Flow Cytometry Analysis of Reactive T Cells in Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"145","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/5\/814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:43:20Z","timestamp":1760028200000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/5\/814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17050814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17050814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]}}}