{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:35:29Z","timestamp":1792197329744,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":236,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer remains a leading global health challenge, placing immense burdens on individuals and healthcare systems. Despite advancements in traditional treatments, significant limitations persist, including treatment resistance, severe side effects, and disease recurrence. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative, leveraging the immune system to target and eliminate tumour cells. However, challenges such as immunotherapy resistance, patient response variability, and the need for improved biomarkers limit its widespread success. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current landscape of cancer immunotherapy, highlighting both FDA-approved therapies and novel approaches in clinical development. It explores immune checkpoint inhibitors, cell and gene therapies, monoclonal antibodies, and nanotechnology-driven strategies, offering insights into their mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations. By integrating emerging research and clinical advancements, this review underscores the need for continued innovation to optimise cancer immunotherapy and overcome existing treatment barriers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17050821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T08:05:54Z","timestamp":1740729954000},"page":"821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Current Landscape and Future Directions in Cancer Immunotherapy: Therapies, Trials, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shehani","family":"Bandara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK"},{"name":"National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreejith","family":"Raveendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK"},{"name":"National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6497","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-022-12151-6","article-title":"GLOBOCAN 2020 Report on Global Cancer Burden: Challenges and Opportunities for Surgical Oncologists","volume":"29","author":"Deo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. 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