{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:11:10Z","timestamp":1792069870073,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HI\u2013TRON Mainz","award":["HITR-2021-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HITR-2021-14"]}]},{"name":"HI\u2013TRON Mainz","award":["SKFM_01_2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKFM_01_2022"]}]},{"name":"Stiftung Kinderkrebsforschung Mainz foundation","award":["HITR-2021-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HITR-2021-14"]}]},{"name":"Stiftung Kinderkrebsforschung Mainz foundation","award":["SKFM_01_2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKFM_01_2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The oncofetal membrane protein Claudin 6 (CLDN6) is an attractive target for T cell-based therapies. There is a lack of detailed analyses on the age-dependent expression of CLDN6 in normal tissues is lacking, which limits the expansion of CLDN6 CAR-T cell clinical trials to pediatric populations. Methods: We analyzed CLDN6 expression in extracranial solid tumors and normal tissues of children using RNA-sequencing data from over 500 pediatric solid tumor samples, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in more than 100 fresh-frozen tumor samples and, approximately, 250 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. We examined normal tissue expression via qRT-PCR in 32 different infant tissues and via IHC in roughly 290 tissues from donors across four age groups, as well as in fetal autopsy samples. Results: In fetal tissues, we detected CLDN6 expression primarily in the epithelial cells of several organs, including the skin, lungs, kidneys, intestinal tract, and pancreas, but not in undifferentiated blastemal cells. Postnatally, we found CLDN6-positive epithelial progenitors only during the first few weeks of life. In older-age groups, isolated clusters of CLDN6-positive progenitors were present, but in scarce quantities. In tumor tissues, we found strong and homogeneous CLDN6 expression in desmoplastic small round cell tumors and germ cell tumors. Wilms tumors demonstrated heterogeneous CLDN6 expression, notably absent in the blastemal component. Conclusions: These findings highlight an organ-specific presence of CLDN6-positive epithelial precursors that largely disappear in terminally differentiated epithelia within weeks after birth. Therefore, our data support CLDN6 as a viable therapeutic target in pediatric patients and justify their inclusion in basket studies for anti-CLDN6-based therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17060920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T09:38:46Z","timestamp":1741340326000},"page":"920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Target Claudin 6 Is a Marker for Early Organ-Specific Epithelial Progenitors and Is Expressed in Some Pediatric Solid Tumor Entities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Larissa","family":"Seidmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON), 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Wingerter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Oliver Metzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON), 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Bornas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalifa","family":"El Malki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1014-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsenij","family":"Ustjanzew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Ortm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yevgeniy","family":"Kamyshanskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"3rd Medical Department, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"TRON-Translational Oncology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Site Frankfurt\/Mainz, Germany, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5548-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Laible","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioNTech SE, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xenia","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Henninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Site Frankfurt\/Mainz, Germany, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Wehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9094-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Paret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON), 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Site Frankfurt\/Mainz, Germany, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5432-8234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz-Institute for Translational Oncology Mainz (HI-TRON), 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"University Cancer Center (UCT), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Site Frankfurt\/Mainz, Germany, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Erdmann, F., Kaatsch, P., Grabow, D., and Spix, C. (2020). German Childhood Cancer Registry\u2014Annual Report 2019 (1980\u20132018), Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30578-3","article-title":"Interleukin 2 with anti-GD2 antibody ch14.18\/CHO (dinutuximab beta) in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NBL1\/SIOPEN): A multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial","volume":"19","author":"Ladenstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709866","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel in Children and Young Adults with B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"378","author":"Maude","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915315","article-title":"Rituximab for High-Risk, Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Children","volume":"382","author":"Auperin","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-1230","article-title":"St. Jude Cloud: A Pediatric Cancer Genomic Data-Sharing Ecosystem","volume":"11","author":"McLeod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GTEx Consortium (2020). The GTEx Consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues. Science, 369, 1318\u20131330.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz1776"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2210859","article-title":"GD2-CART01 for Relapsed or Refractory High-Risk Neuroblastoma","volume":"388","author":"Caruana","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04489-4","article-title":"GD2-CAR T cell therapy for H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"603","author":"Majzner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00704-3","article-title":"Overcoming on-target, off-tumour toxicity of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumours","volume":"20","author":"Flugel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.1174","article-title":"Claudin-6: A novel tight junction molecule is developmentally regulated in mouse embryonic epithelium","volume":"222","author":"Turksen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1132","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00063.2006","article-title":"Claudins 6, 9, and 13 are developmentally expressed renal tight junction proteins","volume":"291","author":"Abuazza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay5967","article-title":"An RNA vaccine drives expansion and efficacy of claudin-CAR-T cells against solid tumors","volume":"367","author":"Reinhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02612-0","article-title":"CLDN6-specific CAR-T cells plus amplifying RNA vaccine in relapsed or refractory solid tumors: The phase 1 BNT211-01 trial","volume":"29","author":"Mackensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadl2720","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adl2720","article-title":"Preclinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of an RNA-encoded T cell-engaging bispecific antibody targeting human claudin 6","volume":"16","author":"Stadler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31822cfa7e","article-title":"Claudin-6 is a nonspecific marker for malignant rhabdoid and other pediatric tumors","volume":"36","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2008.00255.x","article-title":"Claudin 6 is a positive marker for atypical teratoid\/rhabdoid tumors","volume":"20","author":"Birks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2011.00478.x","article-title":"Claudin-6 is of limited sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of atypical teratoid\/rhabdoid tumors","volume":"21","author":"Antonelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2012.04314.x","article-title":"Distinct expression pattern of claudin-6, a primitive phenotypic tight junction molecule, in germ cell tumours and visceral carcinomas","volume":"61","author":"Ushiku","year":"2012","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, M.I., Huber, W., and Anders, S. (2014). Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts034","article-title":"The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments","volume":"28","author":"Leek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804980","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel in Adult Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"380","author":"Schuster","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01800-8","article-title":"Claudin18.2-specific CAR T cells in gastrointestinal cancers: Phase 1 trial interim results","volume":"28","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03037-z","article-title":"Claudin18.2-specific CAR T cells in gastrointestinal cancers: Phase 1 trial final results","volume":"30","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.24","article-title":"Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing ERBB2","volume":"18","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-016-0396-x","article-title":"DNA methylation of claudin-6 promotes breast cancer cell migration and invasion by recruiting MeCP2 and deacetylating H3Ac and H4Ac","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2012.77","article-title":"Claudin 6: A novel surface marker for characterizing mouse pluripotent stem cells","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2992","article-title":"Immunologic and chemical targeting of the tight-junction protein Claudin-6 eliminates tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"4","author":"Nudel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-019-01014-x","article-title":"Claudin-6 is a single prognostic marker and functions as a tumor-promoting gene in a subgroup of intestinal type gastric cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kohmoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-3221-8","article-title":"CLDN6 enhances chemoresistance to ADM via AF-6\/ERKs pathway in TNBC cell line MDAMB231","volume":"443","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Guo, C., Li, Y., Liu, K., Zhao, Q., and Ouyang, L. (2021). Identification of Claudin-6 as a Molecular Biomarker in Pan-Cancer Through Multiple Omics Integrative Analysis. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.726656"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2022.2049581","article-title":"Changing incidence and survival of desmoplastic small round cell tumor in the USA","volume":"35","author":"Waqar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent. Proc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1940","article-title":"Desmoplastic small round cell tumors: Multimodality treatment and new risk factors","volume":"8","author":"Scheer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199811000-00002","article-title":"Desmoplastic small round cell tumor: II: An ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study with emphasis on new immunohistochemical markers","volume":"22","author":"Ordonez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-020-0224-1","article-title":"Desmoplastic small round cell tumor is dependent on the EWS-WT1 transcription factor","volume":"9","author":"Gedminas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.4.832","article-title":"Primary mediastinal germ cell tumors in children and adolescents: Results of the German cooperative protocols MAKEI 83\/86, 89, and 96","volume":"18","author":"Schneider","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.3369","article-title":"Revised risk classification for pediatric extracranial germ cell tumors based on 25 years of clinical trial data from the United Kingdom and United States","volume":"33","author":"Frazier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000231","article-title":"Diagnostic pitfalls of differentiating desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) from Wilms tumor (WT): Overlapping morphologic and immunohistochemical features","volume":"38","author":"Arnold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4773(93)90090-K","article-title":"The expression of the Wilms' tumour gene, WT1, in the developing mammalian embryo","volume":"40","author":"Armstrong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0198-15","article-title":"Loss of WT1 function leads to ectopic myogenesis in Wilms\u2019 tumour","volume":"18","author":"Miyagawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002673","article-title":"Genomic heterogeneity in core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia and its clinical implication","volume":"4","author":"Jahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a034884","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a034884","article-title":"Acute Megakaryocytic Leukemia","volume":"10","author":"McNulty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1327839","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2017.1327839","article-title":"Non-canonical functions of claudin proteins: Beyond the regulation of cell-cell adhesions","volume":"5","author":"Hagen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00613-w","article-title":"Transitioning single-cell genomics into the clinic","volume":"24","author":"Lim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-2981","article-title":"Preclinical Efficacy of the Antibody-Drug Conjugate CLDN6-23-ADC for the Treatment of CLDN6-Positive Solid Tumors","volume":"29","author":"McDermott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1091555","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1091555","article-title":"Characterization of the first-in-class T-cell-engaging bispecific single-chain antibody for targeted immunotherapy of solid tumors expressing the oncofetal protein claudin 6","volume":"5","author":"Stadler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105665","article-title":"Antibody specificity against highly conserved membrane protein Claudin 6 driven by single atomic contact point","volume":"25","author":"Screnci","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higashi, A.Y., Higashi, T., Furuse, K., Ozeki, K., Furuse, M., and Chiba, H. (2021). Claudin-9 constitutes tight junctions of folliculo-stellate cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01004-z"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2287","article-title":"The Pediatric Cancer Genome Project","volume":"44","author":"Downing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-1631","article-title":"Genomes for Kids: The Scope of Pathogenic Mutations in Pediatric Cancer Revealed by Comprehensive DNA and RNA Sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Newman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06485-7","article-title":"Clinical cancer genomic profiling by three-platform sequencing of whole genome, whole exome and transcriptome","volume":"9","author":"Rusch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21255-8","article-title":"The acquisition of molecular drivers in pediatric therapy-related myeloid neoplasms","volume":"12","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/6\/920\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:49:01Z","timestamp":1760028541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/6\/920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17060920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17060920","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]}}}