{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:04:06Z","timestamp":1792015446114,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Berner Garde Foundation","award":["Z1A HG200377-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z1A HG200377-13"]}]},{"name":"Intramural Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute","award":["Z1A HG200377-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z1A HG200377-13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by the excessive proliferation of histiocytes in dogs and humans. A subset of dog breeds, including the Bernese Mountain Dog (BMD), show a remarkably high prevalence of HS. Previous work by us and others has identified somatic driver mutations of HS in the PTPN11 and KRAS genes that activate the MAPK pathway in about 60% of canine HS. However, no somatic driver mutations have been identified in the remaining 40%. Objectives: Our goals are to study HS in BMDs to gain insight into the molecular pathogenesis of the disease, and identify rational approaches to therapy. Methods: Here, we report our whole transcriptome analysis of 18 well-characterized BMD HS tumor tissues, as well as three HS cell lines. Results: Our analysis reveals the significant upregulation of molecular pathways involving the FOXM1, AURKB, PLK1, and E2F genes, in HS as well as hemophagocytic HS, providing new information regarding pathways that may be targeted with inhibitors. In addition, we document the expression of multiple checkpoint genes, suggesting the option of treatment with small-molecule inhibitors together with checkpoint inhibitors. Further, we show that the transcriptomes of three canine HS cell lines mirror those of canine patient tumors, further highlighting their potential use in drug discovery and efficacy studies. Finally, we demonstrate, for the first time, that aurora kinase inhibitors are effective in curtailing the growth of HS cells in vitro and show synergism with MAPK inhibition. Conclusions: This study provides the most detailed analysis of the canine HS transcriptome to date, highlighting key pathways in its pathogenesis and suggesting new avenues for both single and combination treatment strategies, which may be pertinent to the treatment of human HS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17060954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T07:31:42Z","timestamp":1741764702000},"page":"954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transcriptome Analysis of Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Tumors and Cell Lines Reveals Multiple Targets for Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2057-4306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander I.","family":"Engleberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8512-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1016-6998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter Z.","family":"Schall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9509-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilia","family":"Takada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA"},{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-4490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuddow","family":"Thaiwong-Nebelung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-0059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquelyn M.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Intramural Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Baker Institute of Animal Health, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6075-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine A.","family":"Ostrander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Intramural Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9720-1279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilma","family":"Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813510413","article-title":"A review of histiocytic diseases of dogs and cats","volume":"51","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. 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