{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:36:29Z","timestamp":1780338989880,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Butterfield Drew Chair in Cancer Survivorship"},{"name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Foundation"},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation\u2014Ontario Region"},{"name":"Fondation J.-Louis L\u00e9vesque"},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Sant\u00e9"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: One-third of breast cancer (BC) survivors experience chronic treatment-related pain (CTP) that requires multimodal management strategies, which may include pain self-management behaviors (PSMBs). Most studies exploring PSMBs focus on patients with advanced cancer, who may differ from survivors in their pain management needs and access to resources. This mixed-methods study explored PSMBs of survivors of BC, referral sources, and goals for pain relief, and examined the relationship between PSMB engagement and pain intensity\/interference. Methods: Survivors of BC who were six months post-treatment completed measures assessing their pain intensity\/interference and PSMB engagement. Purposive sampling identified a subset of participants who completed interviews, which were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Participants (n = 60) were 60 \u00b1 10 years old. Worst Pain Intensity and Pain Interference were 3.93 \u00b1 2.36 and 2.09 \u00b1 2.11, respectively. Participants engaged in 7 \u00b1 3.5 PSMBs. The most common were walking (76%) and distraction (76%). PSMBs described in the interviews (n = 10) were arm stretching and strengthening exercises, seeking specialized pain management services, and avoidance. Most PSMBs were self-directed or suggested by friends. All pain relief goals were to minimize pain interference. PSMB engagement was not associated with Worst, Least, or Average Pain Intensity (all rs \u2264 \u22120.2, p \u2265 0.05) but was associated with Pain Interference (rs = 0.3, p \u2264 0.01). Conclusions: The survivors of BC engaged in many PSMBs, with varying levels of effectiveness and a varying quality of supporting evidence. Most PSMBs were self-directed and some required intervention from healthcare providers or other people, while others required access to limited specialized pain management services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17071087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T12:01:50Z","timestamp":1742817710000},"page":"1087","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pain Self-Management Behaviors in Breast Cancer Survivors Six Months Post-Primary Treatment: A Mixed-Methods, Descriptive Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kaitlin M.","family":"McGarragle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8096-9771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunny","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Gagliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0683-8715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9627-7562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl","family":"Pritlove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Social and Behavioral Science, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McCready","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Elser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"},{"name":"Marvelle Koffler Breast Center, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8670-8514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0138-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn R.","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Michel-Sarrazin Research Team in Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Laval University Research Center, Oncology Division, Quebec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1R 3S3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: Sources, Methods and Major Patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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