{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:36:55Z","timestamp":1787027815843,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Early-onset cancer is an emerging global health concern, including in the United States. However, data on early-onset liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer remain limited. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing trends in early-onset liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States over the past two decades. Methods: This study used National Childhood Cancer Registry data to examine temporal trends in early-onset liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States. The analysis involved estimating age-adjusted incidence rates of early-onset liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer, stratified by histological type, ethnicity, and sex. Results: In 2021, the age-adjusted incidence rate of early-onset liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer was estimated at 0.53 per 100,000 population (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.48\u20130.59). From 2001 to 2021, the age-adjusted incidence rate showed a significant annual percent change (APC) of 1.35% (95% CI: 0.87\u20131.83%). When stratified by sex, the age-adjusted incidence rate in females increased significantly (APC: 3.07%, 95% CI: 2.26\u20133.87%) while remaining stable in males. Among racial and ethnic groups, non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) individuals had the highest age-adjusted incidence rate, recorded at 2.67 per 100,000 population (95% CI: 0.95\u20135.85). By histological type, hepatic carcinoma had the highest age-adjusted incidence rate, significantly increasing over time (APC: 1.47%, 95% CI: 0.96\u20131.99%). In contrast, the incidence rates for hepatoblastoma and unspecified hepatic tumors remained stable between 2001 and 2021. Conclusions: Our study identified an increasing incidence of early-onset liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in the United States, primarily driven by cases in females and hepatic carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17071133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T04:11:40Z","timestamp":1743135100000},"page":"1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rising Incidence of Early-Onset Liver Cancer and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer: Analysis of the National Childhood Cancer Registry Database"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Pojsakorn","family":"Danpanichkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3872-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanfang","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China"},{"name":"National Immunological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Baise 533099, China"},{"name":"Center for Medical Laboratory Science, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533099, China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7726-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanida","family":"Auttapracha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Al Ta\u2019ani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanathip","family":"Suenghataiphorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Griffin Hospital, Derby, CT 06418, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4058-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apichat","family":"Kaewdech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Muthiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1919-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94063, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-6343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karn","family":"Wijarnpreecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"},{"name":"BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit G.","family":"Singal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Dong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center, and Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2024","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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