{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:12:07Z","timestamp":1791994327679,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is increasing, with UV radiation being the main cause. Other risk factors are age, sex, skin type and immunosuppression. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with benign and malignant skin tumours. In contrast to anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas, which are caused by alpha papillomaviruses, the HPV types associated with cSCC belong to the beta-HPV genus. These viruses infect the skin epithelium and are widespread in skin samples from healthy people. It is assumed that HPV amplifies the DNA damage caused by UV radiation and disrupts the repair mechanisms of the cells, without remaining permanently detectable in the tumour tissue, the so-called hit-and-run theory. The HPV status of tumours appears to have a positive influence on prognosis and response to therapy due to increased immune infiltration, in particular by tissue-resident memory T cells and activation of immune effector cells. This favours responses to immunotherapies such as PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors, whereas immunosuppression may promote a pro-carcinogenic effect. In conclusion, the role of beta HPV in the development of cSCC appears to be closely associated with the immune status of the host. Depending on the immune status, beta HPV can play either a protective or a tumour-promoting role, and in view of the increasing incidence of skin cancer worldwide, enhancing the immune response against virus-infected keratinocytes, e.g., through HPV vaccination, could represent a promising approach for the prevention and therapy of squamous cell carcinomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17071195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T05:29:19Z","timestamp":1743485359000},"page":"1195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of HPV in the Development of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma\u2014Friend or Foe?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8300-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Dervenis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14682","article-title":"Actinic keratosis area and severity index (AKASI) is associated with the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Schmitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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