{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:18:55Z","timestamp":1790039935667,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["NIDDK P30 DK04056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIDDK P30 DK04056"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["UE5 DK137285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UE5 DK137285"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["U24 DK132733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24 DK132733"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing global burden of cancer necessitates innovative approaches to prevention and treatment. Lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and smoking significantly contribute to cancer. At the same time, current guidelines are based on a one-size-fits-all approach, which limits their effectiveness across diverse populations. Obesity is a well-documented risk factor for cancer, directly affecting 13 types of cancer. The complex interplay of genetic, metabolic, hormonal, and environmental factors in obesity\u2019s etiology highlights the need for more tailored approaches to obesity-related cancers. This perspective article advocates for a shift toward an integrative, personalized approach that considers a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with the etiology of obesity-related cancers. Lifestyle-based cancer prevention strategies should be tailored to an individual\u2019s biological profile, demographic background, behaviors, and environmental exposures. Following a diagnosis, a comprehensive treatment approach should consider how these genetic, physiological, lifestyle, and environmental factors interact in the onset and progression of the disease while also taking cancer type and stage into account. This approach paves the way for more precise and effective strategies in tackling cancer. Fulfilling collaboration across research, healthcare, and policy sectors is essential to achieve these goals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17081255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T05:59:00Z","timestamp":1744091940000},"page":"1255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Personalized Lifestyle Interventions for Prevention and Treatment of Obesity-Related Cancers: A Call to Action"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-9695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Motevalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4616-533X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima Cody","family":"Stanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"MGH Weight Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Nutrition Obesity Research Center at Harvard (NORCH), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology-Neuroendocrine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33587","article-title":"The Ever-Increasing Importance of Cancer as a Leading Cause of Premature Death Worldwide","volume":"127","author":"Bray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33588","article-title":"Cancer Statistics for the Year 2020: An Overview","volume":"149","author":"Ferlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, C., Denlinger, N., and Yang, Y. (2022). Recent Advances and Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14163972"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-02184-6","article-title":"Recent Advancement in Targeted Therapy and Role of Emerging Technologies to Treat Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Barot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp263","article-title":"The Global Burden of Cancer: Priorities for Prevention","volume":"31","author":"Thun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae204","article-title":"Accelerating Progress to Reduce the Cancer Burden through Prevention and Control in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Goddard","year":"2025","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pati, S., Irfan, W., Jameel, A., Ahmed, S., and Shahid, R.K. (2023). Obesity and Cancer: A Current Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Outcomes, and Management. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020485"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.9712","article-title":"Obesity and Cancer Mechanisms: Cancer Metabolism","volume":"34","author":"Hopkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2020.101845","article-title":"The Prevalence of Chronic Conditions in Patients Diagnosed with One of 29 Common and Rarer Cancers: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Primary Care Data","volume":"69","author":"Koo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marino, P., Mininni, M., Deiana, G., Marino, G., Divella, R., Bochicchio, I., Giuliano, A., Lapadula, S., Lettini, A.R., and Sanseverino, F. (2024). Healthy Lifestyle and Cancer Risk: Modifiable Risk Factors to Prevent Cancer. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16060800"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2024.01.004","article-title":"Lifestyle Factors and Cancer: A Narrative Review","volume":"8","author":"Sharman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc. Innov. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.09.035","article-title":"Precision Lifestyle Medicine: A New Frontier in the Science of Behavior Change and Population Health","volume":"50","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac238","article-title":"Lifestyle, Genetic Risk and Incidence of Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study of 13 Cancer Types","volume":"52","author":"Byrne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, F.O., and Conde, S.V. (2022). Impact of Diet Composition on Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183716"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540563","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/540563","article-title":"Genetic Influences on Physiological and Subjective Responses to an Aerobic Exercise Session among Sedentary Adults","volume":"2012","author":"Karoly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5604\/20831862.1201052","article-title":"Genetic Variants Influencing Effectiveness of Exercise Training Programmes in Obesity\u2014An Overview of Human Studies","volume":"33","author":"Ahmetov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"WHO (2025, February 17). Obesity and Overweight, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00316-4","article-title":"Definition and Diagnostic Criteria of Clinical Obesity","volume":"13","author":"Rubino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.1.271","article-title":"Obesity and Carcinogenesis: Historical Perspective","volume":"45","author":"Simopoulos","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1606602","article-title":"Body Fatness and Cancer\u2014Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group","volume":"375","author":"Scoccianti","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2025, February 17). Obesity and Cancer Risk, Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.gov\/about-cancer\/causes-prevention\/risk\/obesity\/obesity-fact-sheet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12705","article-title":"Body Fatness at a Young Age and Risks of Eight Types of Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"19","author":"Hidayat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021423","article-title":"Overweight, Obesity, and Mortality from Cancer in a Prospectively Studied Cohort of U.S. Adults","volume":"348","author":"Calle","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontvieille, E., Viallon, V., Recalde, M., Freisling, H., Manczuk, M., Eriksen, A.K., Olsen, A., Ward, H.A., Tj\u00f8nneland, A., and Overvad, K. (2023). Body Mass Index and Cancer Risk Among Adults with and Without Cardiometabolic Diseases: Evidence from the EPIC and UK Biobank Prospective Cohort Studies. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03114-z"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pkz054","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkz054","article-title":"Intentional Weight Loss and Obesity-Related Cancer Risk","volume":"3","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802437","article-title":"Intentional Weight Loss and Incidence of Obesity-Related Cancers: The Iowa Women\u2019s Health Study","volume":"27","author":"Parker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djt223","article-title":"Impact of Obesity on Cancer Survivorship and the Potential Relevance of Race and Ethnicity","volume":"105","author":"Schmitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213520","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.3520","article-title":"Association of Obesity with Survival Outcomes in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Petrelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.94","article-title":"Obesity and Cancer\u2014Mechanisms Underlying Tumour Progression and Recurrence","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01969-3","article-title":"Obesity-Dependent Selection of Driver Mutations in Cancer","volume":"56","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20090399","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinaemia in the Development and Progression of Cancer","volume":"118","author":"Godsland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0295-5","article-title":"Hyperinsulinaemia in Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Gallagher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0743","article-title":"Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Risk of Total and 19 Site-Specific Cancers: Cohort Study Analyses from the UK Biobank","volume":"29","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23192","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Human Carcinogenesis","volume":"121","author":"Federico","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2019.102673","article-title":"Inflammation-Induced DNA Damage, Mutations, and Cancer","volume":"83","author":"Kay","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00658-5","article-title":"Inflammation and Tumor Progression: Signaling Pathways and Targeted Intervention","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.105","article-title":"Inflammation and Cancer: Advances and New Agents","volume":"12","author":"Crusz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocian-Jastrz\u0119bska, A., Malczewska-Herman, A., and Kos-Kud\u0142a, B. (2023). Role of Leptin and Adiponectin in Carcinogenesis. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15174250"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orzo\u0142ek, I., Sobieraj, J., and Domaga\u0142a-Kulawik, J. (2022). Estrogens, Cancer and Immunity. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092265"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31422","article-title":"Altered Macrophage Differentiation and Immune Dysfunction in Tumor Development","volume":"117","author":"Sica","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Tejedor, A., Lorenzo-Mohamed, M., Puig, N., Garc\u00eda-Sanz, R., Mateos, M.-V., Garayoa, M., and Pa\u00edno, T. (2021). Immune System Alterations in Multiple Myeloma: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies to Reverse Immunosuppression. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061353"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Sharma, P., Sarma, D.K., Kumawat, M., Tiwari, R., Verma, V., Nagpal, R., and Kumar, M. (2023). Implication of Obesity and Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in the Etiology of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061913"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240031","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2240031","article-title":"Unveiling the Complex Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Liver Cancer: Opportunities for Novel Therapeutic Interventions","volume":"15","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i18.3497","article-title":"Association between Gut Microbiota and Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Biliary Tract Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minot, S.S., Li, N., Srinivasan, H., Ayers, J.L., Yu, M., Koester, S.T., Stangis, M.M., Dominitz, J.A., Halberg, R.B., and Grady, W.M. (2024). Colorectal Cancer-Associated Bacteria Are Broadly Distributed in Global Microbiomes and Drivers of Precancerous Change. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70702-1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crudele, L., Piccinin, E., and Moschetta, A. (2021). Visceral Adiposity and Cancer: Role in Pathogenesis and Prognosis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062101"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604487","article-title":"Obesity and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer among Postmenopausal Women: The Women\u2019s Health Initiative (United States)","volume":"99","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430201","article-title":"Environmental and Heritable Factors in the Causation of Cancer\u2014Analyses of Cohorts of Twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland","volume":"343","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-008-9661-9","article-title":"Cancer Is a Preventable Disease That Requires Major Lifestyle Changes","volume":"25","author":"Anand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2007.10.006","article-title":"Lifestyle-Related Factors and Environmental Agents Causing Cancer: An Overview","volume":"61","author":"Irigaray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.59298\/IDOSRJAS\/2024\/9.2.9810101","article-title":"The Impact of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors on Cancer Risk and Prevention","volume":"9","author":"Jumba","year":"2024","journal-title":"IDOSR J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34958","article-title":"Post-Diagnosis Adiposity, Physical Activity, Dietary Factors and Cancer Survival: A Systematic Review of the Evidence Base (WCRF Global Cancer Update Programme)","volume":"155","author":"Kaaks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4651","DOI":"10.62754\/joe.v3i7.4576","article-title":"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Lifestyle Interventions in Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Alorayf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ecohumanism"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Fung, T., Giovannucci, E., Anderson, C.A.M., Booth, S., Deierlein, A., Gardner, C., Hoelscher, D.M., Raynor, H., Stanford, F.C., and Talegawkar, S. (2025, April 05). Dietary Patterns and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK611673\/."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098391","article-title":"Physical Activity and Cancer: An Umbrella Review of the Literature Including 22 Major Anatomical Sites and 770,000 Cancer Cases","volume":"52","author":"Markozannes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01336","article-title":"Prospective Cohort Study of Pre- and Postdiagnosis Physical Activity and Endometrial Cancer Survival","volume":"38","author":"Friedenreich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02670-3","article-title":"Exercise and Colorectal Cancer: Prevention and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Amirsasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.09.009","article-title":"Association between Physical Activity and Digestive-System Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, J., Ng, D.W.L., Fielding, R., and Lam, W.W.T. (2024). Comparing the Experiences of Cancer Survivors Living with Sleep Disturbances between Differing Levels of Psychological Distress: A Qualitative Study. BMC Psychiatry, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06344-4"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3279","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3279","article-title":"Various Types of Stress and Greater Use of Disengagement Coping Are Associated with Worse Sleep Disturbance in Oncology Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy","volume":"40","author":"Paul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6259","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.6259","article-title":"Cognitive-Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Distress in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Krueger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31979","article-title":"Yoga for Symptom Management in Oncology: A Review of the Evidence Base and Future Directions for Research","volume":"125","author":"Danhauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky184","article-title":"Lifestyle and Cancer\u2014A Joint Pairwise Association of Lifestyle Habits with Subsequent Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Roos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diez de Los Rios de la Serna, C., Fern\u00e1ndez-Ortega, P., and Lluch-Canut, T. (2022). Lifestyle Behavior Interventions for Preventing Cancer in Adults with Inherited Cancer Syndromes: Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114098"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luu, N.M., Bui, T.T., Tran, T.P.T., Nguyen, T.H.T., and Oh, J.K. (2023). Combinations of Lifestyle Behaviors and Cancer Risk among Korean Adults. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40819-w"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leitzmann, M.F., Jochem, C., and Schmid, D. (2023). Sedentary Behaviour and Cancer. Sedentary Behaviour Epidemiology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-41881-5"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"421","article-title":"Implementing a Multidisciplinary Lifestyle Medicine Clinic for Cancer Survivorship","volume":"38","author":"Millstein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.2024.20.10_suppl.359","article-title":"Lifestyle Medicine Program for Patients with Breast Cancer at Kaiser Permanente Oakland","volume":"20","author":"Ergas","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storz, M.A., Brommer, M., and Jeitler, M. (2023). Adherence to Selected Pillars of Lifestyle Medicine in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Am. J. Lifestyle Med.","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276231205254"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2021.06.021","article-title":"Precision Medicine: Concept and Tools","volume":"77","author":"Naithani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2020.102019","article-title":"Review of Precision Cancer Medicine: Evolution of the Treatment Paradigm","volume":"86","author":"Tsimberidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, T., Bandini, E., Balzi, W., Fabbri, F., Massa, I., and Maltoni, R. (2021). Obesity and Dose of Anti-Cancer Therapy: Are We Sure to Be on the Right Track in the Precision Medicine Era?. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.725346"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina-Montes, E., Ubago-Guisado, E., Petrova, D., Amiano, P., Chirlaque, M.-D., Agudo, A., and S\u00e1nchez, M.-J. (2021). The Role of Diet, Alcohol, BMI, and Physical Activity in Cancer Mortality: Summary Findings of the EPIC Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124293"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2025, February 17). Scoring Standards for the 2018 WCRF\/AICR Score, Available online: https:\/\/epi.grants.cancer.gov\/wcrf-aicr-score\/details.html."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"World Cancer Research Fund (2025, February 17). About Our Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/research-policy\/evidence-for-our-recommendations\/about-our-recommendations."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000659","article-title":"Effect of Low Carbohydrate Diets on Insulin Resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Foley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haskins, C., Cohen, J., Kotecha, R., and Kaiser, A. (2021). Low Carbohydrate Diets in Cancer Therapeutics: Current Evidence. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.662952"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewandowska, A., Religioni, U., Czerw, A., Depta\u0142a, A., Karakiewicz, B., Partyka, O., Pajewska, M., Sygit, K., Cipora, E., and Kmie\u0107, K. (2022). Nutritional Treatment of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116881"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laguna, T., Piette-Gomez, O., Garranzo, M., de Cedr\u00f3n, M.G., de Molina, A.R., and de Santa Pau, E.C. (2023). Epigenomic Variability and Transcriptomics as a Novel Multiomic Complementary Approach for Personalized Nutrition in Colorectal Cancer Patients. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.19.549686"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"PO2-02-02","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS23-PO2-02-02","article-title":"BREAst Cancer Personalized NuTrition (BREACPNT): Dietary Intervention in HR+ Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Endocrine Therapy","volume":"84","author":"Rein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., Leary, S., Niu, J., Perry, R., and Papadaki, A. (2023). The Role of the Mediterranean Diet in Breast Cancer Survivorship: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies and Randomised Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092099"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023092","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2023092","article-title":"Cancer Risk Based on Alcohol Consumption Levels: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Jun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2023.12.003","article-title":"Reducing Alcohol Use to Prevent Cancer Deaths: Estimated Effects Among U.S. Adults","volume":"66","author":"Esser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016629","article-title":"ALDH2, ADH1B, and Alcohol Expectancies: Integrating Genetic and Learning Perspectives","volume":"23","author":"Hendershot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, J.S., Hsiao, J.R., and Chen, C.H. (2017). ALDH2 Polymorphism and Alcohol-Related Cancers in Asians: A Public Health Perspective. J. Biomed. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0327-y"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5971","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41570-6","article-title":"A Common East-Asian ALDH2 Mutation Causes Metabolic Disorders and the Therapeutic Effect of ALDH2 Activators","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2025, February 17). Physical Activity and the Person with Cancer. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/survivorship\/be-healthy-after-treatment\/physical-activity-and-the-cancer-patient.html."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, February 17). Physical Activity, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/physical-activity."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12488","article-title":"Physical Activity and Cancer Risk: A Dose-Response Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"43","author":"Diao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misi\u0105g, W., Piszczyk, A., Szyma\u0144ska-Chabowska, A., and Chabowski, M. (2022). Physical Activity and Cancer Care\u2014A Review. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174154"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01164-8","article-title":"Participation of People Living with Disabilities in Physical Activity: A Global Perspective","volume":"398","author":"Foster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434100-00002","article-title":"Physical Activity for People with a Disability: A Conceptual Model","volume":"34","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003509","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003509","article-title":"Exploring the Relationship Between Baseline Physical Activity Levels and Mortality Reduction Associated with Increases in Physical Activity: A Modelling Study","volume":"3","author":"Minton","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"81","article-title":"Exercise Recommendations for Cancer-Related Fatigue, Cognitive Impairment, Sleep Problems, Depression, Pain, Anxiety, and Physical Dysfunction: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Mustian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncol. Hematol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopetraki, A., Giannopoulos, A., Maridaki, M., Zagouri, F., Droufakou, S., Koutsilieris, M., and Philippou, A. (2023). The Role of Exercise in Cancer-Related Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245856"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114524001405","article-title":"Overview of Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Their Promising Effects on Non-Communicable Diseases","volume":"132","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v5.i4.705","article-title":"Phytoestrogens and Prevention of Breast Cancer: The Contentious Debate","volume":"5","author":"Bilal","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27466","article-title":"Weight Management and Its Role in Breast Cancer Rehabilitation","volume":"118","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joaquim, A., Le\u00e3o, I., Antunes, P., Capela, A., Viamonte, S., Alves, A.J., Helguero, L.A., and Macedo, A. (2022). Impact of Physical Exercise Programs in Breast Cancer Survivors on Health-Related Quality of Life, Physical Fitness, and Body Composition: Evidence from Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.955505"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13214","DOI":"10.2196\/13214","article-title":"Examining the Impact of a Personalized Self-Management Lifestyle Program Using Mobile Technology on the Health and Well-Being of Cancer Survivors: Protocol and Rationale for a Randomized Controlled Trial (The Moving On Study)","volume":"8","author":"Groarke","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, S., Kumar, N., Xu, J.Y., Patel, J., Damaraju, S., Shen-Tu, G., and Greiner, R. (2022). Personalized Breast Cancer Onset Prediction from Lifestyle and Health History Information. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279174"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400665","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400665","article-title":"Humanistic Health Management and Cancer: Associations of Psychology, Nutrition, and Exercise with Cancer Progression and Pathogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106154","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of Providing Online Risk Information and Lifestyle Advice for the Most Common Preventable Cancers","volume":"138","author":"Masson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02112","article-title":"Cancer Risks Associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 Pathogenic Variants","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.122.000810","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics: Driving Personalized Medicine","volume":"75","author":"Sadee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4103\/apjon.apjon_52_17","article-title":"Cancer in the Elderly: Challenges and Barriers","volume":"5","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-008-9256-0","article-title":"Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Cancer Incidence and Stage at Diagnosis: Selected Findings from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results: National Longitudinal Mortality Study","volume":"20","author":"Clegg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21632","article-title":"Outdoor Air Pollution and Cancer: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Public Health Recommendations","volume":"70","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeung, A.W.K., Torkamani, A., Butte, A.J., Glicksberg, B.S., Schuller, B., Rodriguez, B., Ting, D.S.W., Bates, D., Schaden, E., and Peng, H. (2023). The Promise of Digital Healthcare Technologies. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1196596"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.0634","article-title":"Association of Food Deserts and Food Swamps with Obesity-Related Cancer Mortality in the US","volume":"9","author":"Bevel","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/8\/1255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:06Z","timestamp":1760029926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/8\/1255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17081255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17081255","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}}}