{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:26:47Z","timestamp":1793467607237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of rare blood cancers characterized by the excessive production of blood cells in the bone marrow. These disorders arise from acquired genetic driver mutations, with or without underlying genetic predispositions, resulting in the uncontrolled production of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. The excessive cell production and abnormal signaling from driver mutations cause chronic inflammation and a higher risk of blood clots and vascular complications. The primary goals of MPN treatment are to induce remission, improve quality of life and survival, as well as to reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis, vascular events, and leukemic transformation. This review provides a comprehensive update on the diagnosis and therapeutic advancements in major MPN subtypes, including chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. It examines these complex diseases from a molecular and evolutionary perspective, highlighting key clinical trials\u2019 long-term follow-up and therapies targeting driver mutations that have transformed treatment strategies. Additionally, several important advancements in addressing challenges such as anemia in myelofibrosis, along with promising emerging therapies, are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17111834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:09:12Z","timestamp":1748840952000},"page":"1834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Current Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Myeloproliferative Neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6079-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Guthrie Clinic Cancer Center, Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, PA 18840, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology and Lab Medicines, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Arbitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Guthrie Clinic Cancer Center, Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, PA 18840, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology and Lab Medicines, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology and Lab Medicines, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4573-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2609-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn","family":"Moscinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology and Lab Medicines, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5642-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinming","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematopathology and Lab Medicines, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01613-1","article-title":"The 5th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Myeloid and Histiocytic\/Dendritic Neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Khoury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015850","article-title":"International Consensus Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemias: Integrating Morphologic, Clinical, and Genomic Data","volume":"140","author":"Arber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/243290a0","article-title":"Letter: A New Consistent Chromosomal Abnormality in Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia Identified by Quinacrine Fluorescence and Giemsa Staining","volume":"243","author":"Rowley","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/306277a0","article-title":"Translocation of C-Ab1 Oncogene Correlates with the Presence of a Philadelphia Chromosome in Chronic Myelocytic Leukaemia","volume":"306","author":"Bartram","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90077-1","article-title":"Philadelphia Chromosomal Breakpoints Are Clustered within a Limited Region, Bcr, on Chromosome 22","volume":"36","author":"Groffen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26642","article-title":"Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: 2022 Update on Diagnosis, Therapy, and Monitoring","volume":"97","author":"Jabbour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. 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