{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T13:59:50Z","timestamp":1789826390632,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Hussein Cancer Center (Amman, Jordan)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is increasingly useful for treating intraocular retinoblastoma (Rb). It offers targeted delivery of chemotherapy with reduced systemic exposure. In this study, we evaluate management outcomes and identify predictive factors for globe salvage following IAC in children with Rb. Methods: This retrospective study included 20 eyes of 20 melphalan-based IAC-treated patients (67 sessions) between 2015 and 2023 in a tertiary cancer center (King Hussein Cancer Center) in Jordan. Data collection included patients\u2019 demographics, tumor staging, eye salvage, complications, and survival, followed by statistical comparisons between eye salvage rates and clinical factors. Results: The median age of IAC initiation was 38 months (range: 6\u201378 months). IAC was used as a primary treatment in 35% (7\/20) of eyes and as a secondary treatment following systemic chemotherapy in 65% (13\/20) of eyes. Nineteen (95%) eyes showed initial tumor regression, 15 (75%) eyes showed short term tumor control, and long-term eye salvage was achieved in 11 (55%) eyes. Poor prognostic factors for eye salvage included advanced tumor stage (Group D\/E: 43% salvage rate vs. Group C: 83%; p = 0.047), vitreous seeding at the time of IAC (38% with seeding vs. 75% without; p = 0.046), use of IAC as a secondary rather than a primary treatment (46% vs. 71%; p = 0.047), and the need for &gt;3 IAC cycles (20% success with &gt;3 cycles vs. 67% with \u22643 cycles; p = 0.034). Complications were notable: systemic adverse effects were seen in five (25%) patients, including neutropenia (20%) and bronchospasm (6%). Procedure-related complications were seen with 22% of injections, including failure of the procedure (7%), ophthalmic artery spasm (6%), and intra-procedural stroke (3%). Five (25%) eyes developed ocular complications, including vitreous hemorrhage (15%), retinal detachment (10%), optic atrophy (10%), and retinal or choroidal ischemia (10%). Notably, all infants under 12 months of age (4\/4) developed complications, including the two events of stroke. At a median follow-up of 60 months, eye salvage was achieved in 11 (55%) eyes, and none of the 9 (45%) enucleated eyes showed high-risk pathological features. There was no orbital recurrence, and one (5%) child developed CNS metastasis and passed away. Conclusion: IAC achieves long-term globe salvage in 55% of Rb cases; however, outcomes are poorer with Group D\/E tumors, vitreous seeds, prior IVC failure, or requiring &gt;3 IAC cycles. While reducing systemic chemotherapy toxicity, IAC carries significant risks of vision- and life-threatening complications. Infants and single-eyed patients require particularly cautious consideration. Though IAC remains crucial for globe preservation, optimal implementation demands improved patient selection criteria, multicenter collaboration, and long-term outcome studies to maximize safety and efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17121955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T03:59:17Z","timestamp":1749700757000},"page":"1955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Intra-Arterial Melphalan Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma in a Developing Nation: Real-World Outcomes and Prognostic Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7750-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yacoub A.","family":"Yousef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-1171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odai","family":"Al-Jabari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Halawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lama","family":"Al-Fahoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4803-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadeel","family":"Halalsheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1568-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Khzouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6392-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maysa","family":"Al-Hussaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"},{"name":"Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imad","family":"Jaradat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Mehyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3321-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Rejdak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-2613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Damiano","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of General and Pediatric Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Eye Clinic, Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazem","family":"Haboob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Al-Nawaiseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Centre (KHCC), Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa, A.C., de Magalh\u00e3es-Barbosa, M.C., Moreira, J.P.L., Colombini, G.N.U.I., and Prata-Barbosa, A. 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