{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:38:09Z","timestamp":1781624289104,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed at evaluating apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in the pre-treatment stages of NPC for establishing comparative quantitative parameters between children and adolescents compared to adults. Methods: A retrospective multicentric imaging study was conducted in three medical centers by collecting patient data over a 5-year timeframe. Patients were included in the study based on the following criteria: histopathologically proven carcinoma of the nasopharynx with all available medical records. The total sample included 20 patients (6 pediatric patients and 14 adults). A quantitative analysis of the ADC maps was performed. Two radiologists manually drew the region of interest (ROI) on ADC maps using the whole tumor on all magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) slices. The mean ADC was extracted for each patient and each radiologist\u2019s evaluation. Differences in ADC values between pediatric and adult patients were evaluated using an independent samples t-test, with normality and variance assumptions tested via the Shapiro\u2013Wilk and Levene\u2019s tests, respectively. p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean ADC values extracted from the initial pre-treatment diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children were 712.22 \u00d7 10\u22126 mm2\/s, compared to adults in whom the mean ADC values were 877.34 \u00d7 10\u22126 mm2\/s. We found a statistically significant difference between the mean ADC values of pediatric patients and adult patients, t (17.44) = \u22123.15, p = 0.006, with the mean ADC values of pediatric patients (M = 712.22, standard deviation [SD] = 57.03) being lower, on average, than the mean ADC values of adult patients (M = 877.34, SD = 175.25). Conclusions: Our results showed significantly lower ADC values in pediatric patients than in adults, independent of tumor T-stage. Additionally, early-stage tumors, particularly in children, tended to exhibit even lower ADC values, suggesting potential biological distinctions across age groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17132237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T09:57:39Z","timestamp":1751536659000},"page":"2237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pediatric Versus Adult Nasopharyngeal Cancer in Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4290-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Crasnean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0681-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben Emanuel","family":"Nechifor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Institute for Research, Development and Innovation in Applied Natural Science, Babes-Bolyai University, 30 F\u00e2ntanele, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3461-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liviu","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 400489 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8800-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Alm\u0103\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8120-2223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Sollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8446-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1387-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Mitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2632-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simion","family":"Bran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1076-7726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin","family":"Oni\u0219or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-9402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Dinu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3495-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"B\u0103ciu\u021b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9543-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Hede\u0219iu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27037","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27037","article-title":"Incidence of Head and Neck Cancer in Children: A Danish Nationwide Study from 1978 to 2014","volume":"65","author":"Hjalgrim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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