{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:06:20Z","timestamp":1778857580659,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Melanoma management has been revolutionized by the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, ICIs are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including rhinosinusitis, which remains underexplored. This study evaluated the incidence, characteristics, management, and prognostic implications of rhinosinusitis in patients with melanoma under ICIs. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on adult patients with melanoma treated with ICIs. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, treatment, and survival data were collected. Rhinosinusitis was defined radiographically and graded using the Harvard scoring system. Associations between rhinosinusitis and survival outcomes were analyzed. Results: Among 304 patients, 64 (21.1%) developed imaging-confirmed rhinosinusitis during ICI treatment, with 9.4% symptomatic cases. Rhinosinusitis was the sole irAE in 11.8% of patients, and 9.2% experienced it alongside other irAEs. A significant correlation with eosinophilia was observed: 39.6% of eosinophilic patients developed rhinosinusitis versus 17.1% without eosinophilia (p &lt; 0.001). Most cases occurred during the first ICI line (86.4%), particularly with nivolumab monotherapy (32.8%). Importantly, in metastatic melanoma, rhinosinusitis was associated with significantly longer overall survival since ICI initiation (OSICI) compared to patients without rhinosinusitis (33.3 vs. 15.4 months, p = 0.025). No survival benefit was observed in the adjuvant setting. The condition was predominantly aseptic, and corticosteroids were used in 7.8%. Conclusions: This study highlights rhinosinusitis as an irAE associated with improved OS in metastatic melanoma. Further research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and assess the resolution of rhinosinusitis after ICI discontinuation. Additionally, rhinosinusitis may serve as a marker of favorable prognosis in metastatic melanoma patients receiving ICIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17142297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T15:36:58Z","timestamp":1752161818000},"page":"2297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rhinosinusitis as an Immune-Related Adverse Event: Clinical Characteristics, Management, and Prognostic Implications in Metastatic Melanoma Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Amalia","family":"Anastasopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5644-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Gkoufa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Oncology Unit of First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Kouzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Kyriakakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7433-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail","family":"Belivanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Sypsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Bouros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Gogas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis T.","family":"Diamantopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-20-0969","article-title":"Regulatory T-cell Transcriptomic Reprogramming Characterizes Adverse Events by Checkpoint Inhibitors in Solid Tumors","volume":"9","author":"Grigoriou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. 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