{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:40:13Z","timestamp":1792431613126,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["25-12-00436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25-12-00436"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High mortality rates and poor quality of life result from the late-stage detection and frequent recurrence of gynecological neoplasms. Background\/Objectives: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic analysis of the energy parameters of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of cervical and vulvar lesions, with a focus on stimulating immune responses leading to human papillomavirus (HPV) eradication and lesion regression without adverse effects, such as thermal damage. Methods: A total of 46 peer-reviewed studies published between January 2010 and April 2024 were analyzed. These studies focused on PDT applications for cervical and vulvar lesions, sourced from Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Results: Although PDT shows promise, significant limitations exist, such as insufficient consideration of individual tumor characteristics, restricted treatment depths, and the heterogeneous distribution and low selectivity of photosensitizer (PS) accumulation in tumors. Tumor hypoxia further reduces PDT\u2019s effectiveness, and most studies overlook immune system activation, which is crucial for targeting HPV infections and improving antitumor responses. Conclusions: Advancing the research into PDT\u2019s molecular and cellular mechanisms, optimizing the immune response stimulation, and improving the PS and delivery methods could enhance the safety and effectiveness of cervical and vulvar neoplasm treatments. The use of personalized PDT parameters may reduce the side effects and enhance the outcomes for patients suffering from gynecological diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17152421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T13:35:28Z","timestamp":1753191328000},"page":"2421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Advances in Photodynamic Treatment of Precancerous and Cancerous Gynecological Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2716-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polina","family":"Alekseeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Light-Induced Surface Phenomena Department, Natural Sciences Center, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Makarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Light-Induced Surface Phenomena Department, Natural Sciences Center, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Laser Micro-, Nano-, and Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University \u201cMEPhI\u201d, 115409 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-1172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanamat","family":"Efendiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Light-Induced Surface Phenomena Department, Natural Sciences Center, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Laser Micro-, Nano-, and Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University \u201cMEPhI\u201d, 115409 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Gilyadova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Reconstructive Surgery, Levshin Institute of Cluster Oncology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Gynecological Department, National Medical Research Treatment and Rehabilitation Center, 125367 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0507-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Loschenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Light-Induced Surface Phenomena Department, Natural Sciences Center, Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Laser Micro-, Nano-, and Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University \u201cMEPhI\u201d, 115409 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00501-0","article-title":"Global estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2020: A baseline analysis of the WHO Global Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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