{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:10:39Z","timestamp":1793322639950,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiotherapy is utilized in the treatment of various cancers of the central nervous system and head and neck. Given the high concentration of organs-at-risk in this region, care must be exercised to minimize the dose delivered to these structures. Studies have shown that excessive radiation exposure can adversely impact the eyes, potentially resulting in the loss of their function. For instance, radiation doses greater than 50 Gy have been shown to increase the incidence of retinopathy, and radiation doses as low as 0.5 Gy have been shown to induce cataract formation. In this review, we discuss the ocular complications of radiotherapy used in the treatment of cancers of the central nervous system and head and neck. We then transition to potential strategies to spare the eyes during radiotherapy in an effort to reduce the rates and severity of ocular complications and preserve vision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17162605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T11:41:53Z","timestamp":1754653313000},"page":"2605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Effects of Radiation Therapy on the Ocular Apparatus: Implications for Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2088-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank J.","family":"Arturi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Arons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9265-994X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4967-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Drishti","family":"Panse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4100-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3819-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie R.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3210-1415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony D.","family":"Nehlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Resende Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9376-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunal K.","family":"Sindhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-9414-1-13","article-title":"Emerging Role of Radiation Induced Bystander Effects: Cell Communications and Carcinogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Baskar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Integr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2007). 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