{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:42:29Z","timestamp":1787827349257,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs) are pathologic conditions produced by neoplasms not attributable to tumor invasion or metastasis. The clinical manifestations of PNSs can precede the diagnosis; these symptoms may serve as early indicators of underlying malignancy. Standard imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have limited sensitivity in detecting small or early-stage PNS-associated tumors. FDG PET\/CT identifies hypermetabolic lesions suggestive of malignancy and, therefore, facilitates early diagnosis, refined treatment planning, and potentially prolonged patient survival. This review evaluates the diagnostic accuracy, clinical utility, and emerging role of FDG PET\/CT in detecting occult malignancies. Syndrome-targeted applications discussed include limbic encephalitis, cerebellar degeneration, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Cushing\u2019s syndrome, hypercalcemia of malignancy, dermatomyositis, and tumor-induced osteomalacia. In addition, the limitations of FDG PET\/CT, including false-positive or false-negative findings, are reviewed, while newer PET tracers, like 68Ga-DOTATATE, are also highlighted. Ultimately, FDG PET\/CT has transformed clinical decision-making, enabling more timely interventions and improved patient management in the context of PNSs. Future directions in imaging, including PET\/MRI and ongoing refinements in tracer design, promise to further enhance diagnostic precision, and therapeutic outcomes are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17162637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T07:45:31Z","timestamp":1755071131000},"page":"2637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["PET\/CT and Paraneoplastic Syndromes: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Motaz","family":"Daraghma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Luke\u2019s Hospital of Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashant","family":"Aswani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanchay","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2842-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Laudicella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Messina University, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Gholamrezanezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Menda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2397-6914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Shariftabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0099","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Syndromes: An Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"85","author":"Pelosof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v5.i3.197","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Syndromes Associated with Lung Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Kanaji","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-2-22","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes","volume":"2","author":"Honnorat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S661","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2022.1698","article-title":"Psychiatric Manifestations of Paraneoplastic Syndromes","volume":"65","author":"Lemos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2024.141114","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Patients with Melanoma","volume":"41","author":"Dec","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postep. Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.11.2223","article-title":"The Role of [18F]Fluoro-2-Deoxyglucose-PET Scanning in the Diagnosis of Paraneoplastic Neurological Disorders","volume":"124","author":"Rees","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opali\u0144ska, M., Sowa-Staszczak, A., W\u0119\u017cyk, K., Jagie\u0142\u0142a, J., S\u0142owik, A., and Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, A. (2022). Additional Value of [18F]FDG PET\/CT in Detection of Suspected Malignancy in Patients with Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes Having Negative Results of Conventional Radiological Imaging. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061537"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh247","article-title":"FDG-PET Improves Tumour Detection in Patients with Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes","volume":"127","author":"Janier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318203bb0e","article-title":"F-18 FDG PET\/CT for Detection of Malignant Involvement of Peripheral Nerves: Case Series and Literature Review","volume":"36","author":"Bronstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14141073","article-title":"Detection of Occult Primary Tumors in Patients with Cervical Metastases of Unknown Primary Tumors: Comparison of (18)F FDG PET\/CT with Contrast-Enhanced CT or CT\/MR Imaging-Prospective Study","volume":"274","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"48","article-title":"Typical and Atypical PET\/CT Findings in Non-Cancerous Conditions","volume":"23","author":"Altini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hell. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06882-9","article-title":"Personalised PET Imaging in Oncology: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses to Guide the Appropriate Radiopharmaceutical Choice and Indication","volume":"52","author":"Kirienko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3284-2","article-title":"Comments on Kristensen et al.: Clinical Value of FDG-PET\/CT in Suspected Paraneoplastic Syndromes: A Retrospective Analysis of 137 Patients","volume":"43","author":"Vatankulu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V116.21.4132.4132","article-title":"\u201cIncidental Carcinomas\u201d Detected by PET\/CT Scans in the Patients with Malignant Lymphoma: A Single-Center Experience with 363 Patients","volume":"116","author":"Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14132807","article-title":"Repeatability of Metabolically Active Tumor Volume Measurements with FDG PET\/CT in Advanced Gastrointestinal Malignancies: A Multicenter Study","volume":"273","author":"Frings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-0397(98)00007-7","article-title":"FDG-PET Determination of Metabolically Active Tumor Volume and Comparison with CT","volume":"1","author":"Zasadny","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Positron Imaging"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/1817-1737.74270","article-title":"Evaluation of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes Using F-FDG PET-CT Scan and Its Histopathologic Correlation","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2019.01.002","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Syndromes: Definitions, Classification, Pathophysiology and Principles of Treatment","volume":"36","author":"Henry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16593","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016593","article-title":"The Role of 18F-FDG PET\/CT in Management of Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis Combined with Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report","volume":"98","author":"Castagnoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2017.03.022","article-title":"Imaging Workup of Suspected Classical Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Retrospective Analysis of 18F-FDG-PET-CT","volume":"24","author":"Sundermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.183905","article-title":"Whole-Body 18F-FDG PET and 18F-FDG PET\/CT in Patients with Suspected Paraneoplastic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy","volume":"58","author":"Sheikhbahaei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"85","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Syndromes: Detection of Malignant Tumors Using [(18)F]FDG-PET","volume":"47","author":"Berner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Q. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.7.1481","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis: Neurological Symptoms, Immunological Findings and Tumour Association in 50 Patients","volume":"123","author":"Gultekin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurrieri, C., Visentin, A., Buss\u00e8, C., Piazza, F., Manara, R., Trentin, L., and Briani, C. (2021). Limbic Encephalitis with HU-Antibodies in T-Cell Anaplastic Lymphoma. A Case Report. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11146548"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.328","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration with anti-Yo Antibodies\u2014A Review","volume":"3","author":"Venkatraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.4065\/78.11.1363","article-title":"Clinical, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Electroencephalographic Findings in Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis","volume":"78","author":"Lawn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, K., Xu, Y., Guan, H., Zhong, W., Chen, M., Zhao, J., Li, L., and Wang, M. (2018). Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis Associated with Lung Cancer. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25294-y"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.cr.17-00135","article-title":"A Case of Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis in a Patient with Invasive Thymoma with Anti-Glutamate Receptor Antibody-Positive Cerebrospinal Fluid: A Case Report","volume":"24","author":"Inoue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg133","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration Associated with Antineuronal Antibodies: Analysis of 50 Patients","volume":"126","author":"Grefkens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1159\/000519969","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration Associated with Anti-CV2\/CRMP5 Antibodies in Ovarian Cancer: Case Report and Review of Literature","volume":"14","author":"Whaley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Rep. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1176914","article-title":"Childhood Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Blaes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2008.04.012","article-title":"Immunological Mechanisms in Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Associated Neuroblastoma","volume":"13","author":"Raffaghello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29949","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29949","article-title":"Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome Associated with Neuroblastoma: Insights into Antitumor Immunity","volume":"69","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2022.2123666","article-title":"Opsoclonus Myoclonus and Ataxia Syndrome with Supraventricular Tachycardia","volume":"36","author":"Garner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi180","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz175.750","article-title":"Ncmp-04. Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome Associated with Contactin-Associated Protein-like 2 Autoantibody in the Setting of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Rosenow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-021-02436-7","article-title":"Breast Cancer-Associated Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome: A Case Report","volume":"19","author":"Kostoglou","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-020-01402-6","article-title":"A Rare Case of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Associated with SCLC","volume":"120","author":"Lebeer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/08880018.2022.2109784","article-title":"Presence of Identical B-Cell Clone in Both Cerebrospinal Fluid and Tumor Tissue in a Patient with Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome Associated with Neuroblastoma","volume":"40","author":"Noguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2009.12.005","article-title":"Opsoclonus-Myoclonus in Children Associated or Not with Neuroblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Krug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"630","article-title":"Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Matsuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Nerve"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.01.008","article-title":"Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Kesner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000171115.93233.5f","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy Secondary to a Malignant Mixed M\u00fcllerian Tumor","volume":"107","author":"Bi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf006","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with anti-Hu Antibodies","volume":"125","author":"Antoine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325999","article-title":"Advances in the Understanding of Sensory Neuronopathies","volume":"92","author":"Vucic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"873587","article-title":"Sensory Neuronopathy and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"2012","author":"Martinez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410200416","article-title":"Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy Secondary to Dorsal Root Ganglionitis in Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Malinow","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09940-y","article-title":"Anti-Hu-Associated Paraneoplastic Syndromes Triggered by Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment","volume":"267","author":"Vogrig","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2209","article-title":"Seronegativity for Type 1 Antineuronal Nuclear Antibodies (\u2018anti-Hu\u2019) in Subacute Sensory Neuronopathy Patients without Cancer","volume":"43","author":"Chalk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000116","article-title":"Prognostic Impact of Paraneoplastic Cushing\u2019s Syndrome in Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Shestaeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richa, C.G., Saad, K.J., Halabi, G.H., Gharios, E.M., Nasr, F.L., and Merheb, M.T. (2018). Case-Series of Paraneoplastic Cushing Syndrome in Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab. Case Rep., 2018.","DOI":"10.1530\/EDM-18-0004"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, C., Qi, X., Yu, L., and Lin, L. (2023). Management of Small Cell Lung Cancer Complicated with Paraneoplastic Cushing\u2019s Syndrome: A Systematic Literature Review. Front. Endocrinol. Lausanne, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1177125"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2005.08.015","article-title":"A Case of Recurrent Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma and Paraneoplastic Cushing\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Noorlander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2018.01.005","article-title":"The Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Syndrome: Rarely Easy, Always Challenging","volume":"47","author":"Hayes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"253","article-title":"An Unusual Case of Thymic Carcinoid Causing Cushing\u2019s Syndrome Due to Ectopic ACTH Secretion Detected by (18)F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"33","author":"Treglia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Med. Nucl. Imagen Mol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2003.08.019","article-title":"Treatment of Malignancy-Associated Hypercalcemia and Cachexia with Humanized Anti-Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Antibody","volume":"30","author":"Sato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113794","article-title":"Antibodies to Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Lower Serum Calcium in Athymic Mouse Models of Malignancy-Associated Hypercalcemia Due to Human Tumors","volume":"82","author":"Kukreja","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitts, S., Mahipal, A., Bajor, D., and Mohamed, A. (2023). Hypercalcemia of Malignancy Caused by Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide-Secreting Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PTHrP-PNETs): Case Report. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1197288"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239109114073","article-title":"Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","volume":"26","author":"Martin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1779","article-title":"Hypercalcemia of Malignancy and New Treatment Options","volume":"11","author":"Sternlicht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Anastasopoulou, C., and Mewawalla, P. (2025). Malignancy-Related Hypercalcemia, StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/nbk482423\/ (accessed on)."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1049-0647","article-title":"Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Management of Hypercalcemia in Malignancy: A Review of the Literature","volume":"51","author":"Asonitis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.06.1309","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: Clinical Features and Pathogenesis","volume":"82","author":"DeWane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2018.04.003","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: Current Concepts","volume":"36","author":"Bogdanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-018-0733-5","article-title":"Dermatomyositis Clinical and Pathological Phenotypes Associated with Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies","volume":"20","author":"Wolstencroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okiyama, N. (2021). Clinical Features and Cutaneous Manifestations of Juvenile and Adult Patients of Dermatomyositis Associated with Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081725"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00372579","article-title":"Further Evidence That Acanthosis Nigricans Maligna Is Linked to Enhanced Secretion by the Tumour of Transforming Growth Factor Alpha","volume":"284","author":"Wilgenbus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Derm. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01213299","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor-Alpha (TGF?)-Producing Gastric Carcinoma with Acanthosis Nigricans: An Endocrine Effect of TGF? In the Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Paraneoplastic Syndrome and Epithelial Hyperplasia of the Esophagus","volume":"32","author":"Koyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.05150.x","article-title":"Genes, Growth Factors and Acanthosis Nigricans","volume":"147","author":"Torley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12462293","article-title":"Excess Insulin Binding to Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptors: Proposed Mechanism for Acanthosis Nigricans","volume":"98","author":"Cruz","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2174\/1573396318666220429085231","article-title":"Acanthosis Nigricans: An Updated Review","volume":"19","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Salati, S.A., Alqarawi, L.A., and Alquraishi, Y.F. (2021). Acanthosis Nigricans: An Extensive Review. J. Pak. Assoc. Dermatol., 31."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2015.04.010","article-title":"Acanthosis Nigricans: A Fold (Intertriginous) Dermatosis","volume":"33","author":"Kutlubay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18931","article-title":"S2k Guidelines on the Management of Paraneoplastic Pemphigus\/Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Multiorgan Syndrome Initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV)","volume":"37","author":"Antiga","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00322.x","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Pemphigus","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115781","article-title":"Human Autoantibodies against Desmoplakins in Paraneoplastic Pemphigus","volume":"89","author":"Oursler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14282","article-title":"Direct and Indirect Immunofluorescence Staining Patterns in the Diagnosis of Paraneoplastic Pemphigus","volume":"174","author":"Poot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.65","article-title":"Anti-\u03b1-2-Macroglobulin-like-1 Autoantibodies Are Detected Frequently and May Be Pathogenic in Paraneoplastic Pemphigus","volume":"133","author":"Numata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.CC.L.00202","article-title":"Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia Secondary to a Fibroblast Growth Factor 23-Secreting Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor in the Foot","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"JBJS Case Connect."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2014.2503","article-title":"Osteomalacia Induced by a Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumor Secreting Fibroblast Growth Factor 23","volume":"25","author":"Nagae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2105","article-title":"Sensitivity of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Measurements in Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia","volume":"91","author":"Imel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17044","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.44","article-title":"Tumour-Induced Osteomalacia","volume":"3","author":"Minisola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Primer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10661","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10661","article-title":"Infigratinib Reduces Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) and Increases Blood Phosphate in Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia","volume":"6","author":"Hartley","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160052","article-title":"Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy: Clinical and Imaging Features","volume":"37","author":"Yap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"kead104.275","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead104.275","article-title":"E026 Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy, Rheumatoid Arthritis Mimic: Don\u2019t Distract with Immunology","volume":"62","author":"Awan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.028","article-title":"More than Knee Pain: A Case of Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Secondary to Lung Cancer","volume":"59","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.3348\/jksr.2020.0154","article-title":"Early Imaging Findings of Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Mimicking Bone Metastasis from Extrathoracic Malignancy","volume":"82","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.044859","article-title":"Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Associated with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour","volume":"65","author":"Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14869","article-title":"Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Associated with Lung Cancer: Possible Links among Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1\u03b1, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, and Hypervascularization","volume":"14","author":"Tagawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000441","article-title":"Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Secondary to Lung Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2009.e42","article-title":"Synchronous Malignant B-Cell Lymphoma and Gastric Tubular Adenocarcinoma Associated with Paraneoplastic Cutaneous Vasculitis: Hypereosinophilic Syndrome with Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Is an Important Sign of Paraneoplastic Syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Nozawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rare Tumors"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2011.03.030","article-title":"Fatal Paraneoplastic Systemic Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis as a Presenting Feature of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Lulla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s12308-020-00416-6","article-title":"Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis as a Previously Unreported Paraneoplastic Manifestation of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults","volume":"13","author":"Ismayilov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematop."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2005.0320y.x","article-title":"Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis Presenting in Association with a Spindle Cell Sarcoma of the Heart. A Paraneoplastic Syndrome?","volume":"32","author":"Braman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.3571","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Erythropoietin-Induced Polycythemia Associated with Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma","volume":"24","author":"Tsang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Josa, V., Ferenczi, S., Szalai, R., Fuder, E., Kuti, D., Horvath, K., Hegedus, N., Kovacs, T., Bagamery, G., and Juhasz, B. (2020). Thrombocytosis and Effects of IL-6 Knock-out in a Colitis-Associated Cancer Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176218"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2019-206340","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Leukemoid Reactions Induced by Cytokine-Secreting Tumours","volume":"73","author":"Abukhiran","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000005232","article-title":"Intense FDG Uptake in Well-Differentiated Inflammatory Liposarcoma of the Retroperitoneum","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"e41040","article-title":"An Uncommon Presentation of Paraneoplastic Leukemoid Reaction (PLR) in a Rare Case of Adenosquamous Carcinoma (ASC) of the Gallbladder (GB): A Case Report","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"e44193","article-title":"Pulmonary Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma with Multiple Paraneoplastic Syndromes","volume":"15","author":"Tay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2015211007","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-211007","article-title":"Leukemoid Reaction as a Paraneoplastic Syndrome in Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Cutaneous Metastasis: An Exceedingly Rare Occurrence","volume":"2015","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e235389","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-235389","article-title":"Leukemoid Reaction Causing Arterial Thrombus in a Patient with Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Chahine","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"de Herder, W.W., and Hofland, J. (2000). Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Secreting Tumor (VIPoma). Endotext, MDText.com, Inc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)62968-6","article-title":"Large Cell Carcinoma with Calcitonin and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide\u2013Associated Verner-Morrison Syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Pratz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2217\/iim.13.73","article-title":"FDG-PET\/CT in the Evaluation of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes","volume":"6","author":"Sherry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Imaging Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-008-0134-7","article-title":"Role of FDG-PET in the Clinical Management of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome: Detection of the Underlying Malignancy and the Brain PET-MRI Correlates","volume":"10","author":"Basu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05299-y","article-title":"Brain 18F-FDG PET for the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Bordonne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deuschl, C., R\u00fcber, T., Ernst, L., Fendler, W.P., Kirchner, J., M\u00f6nninghoff, C., Herrmann, K., Quesada, C.M., Forsting, M., and Elger, C.E. (2020). 18F-FDG-PET\/MRI in the Diagnostic Work-up of Limbic Encephalitis. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227906"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.11.1785","article-title":"Serial 18F-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis","volume":"61","author":"Scheid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.09.043","article-title":"Cancer Frequency Detected by Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography in Limbic Encephalitis","volume":"89","author":"Hansen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.082206","article-title":"Clinical Insights into Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration","volume":"77","author":"Scheid","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10717","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010717","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration Associated with Cerebellar Hypermetabolism","volume":"97","author":"Abdulaziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e327","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003547","article-title":"FDG PET Unveils the Course of Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration: A Semiquantitative Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Massa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000163","article-title":"Brain 18F-FDG-PET Characteristics in Patients with Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome and Its Correlation with Clinical and MRI Findings","volume":"35","author":"Masangkay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6815","article-title":"Imaging Review of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes","volume":"41","author":"Madhavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07587-x","article-title":"Diagnostic Values of 68Ga-Labelled DOTANOC PET\/CT Imaging in Pediatric Patients Presenting with Paraneoplastic Opsoclonus Myoclonus Ataxia Syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-3919.118236","article-title":"Somatostatin Receptor Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography (PET\/CT) in the Evaluation of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Ataxia Syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Joshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.352140164","article-title":"Somatostatin Receptor Imaging with 68Ga DOTATATE PET\/CT: Clinical Utility, Normal Patterns, Pearls, and Pitfalls in Interpretation","volume":"35","author":"Hofman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8389-4","article-title":"Longitudinal Multi-Modal Neuroimaging in Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome","volume":"264","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318215a257","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome as a New and Single Manifestation of Relapsing Disease in a Patient with Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Nadal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e104","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001046","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT Brain Imaging on a Patient with Paraneoplastic Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome Arising out of a Mature Cystic Teratoma","volume":"41","author":"Na","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.5.1261","article-title":"Antibodies to Synthetic Peptides of the alA Subunit of the Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel in Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome","volume":"48","author":"Takamori","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000426","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2023-000426","article-title":"Dilated Fixed Pupils and Respiratory Failure: A Rare Clinical Course of Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Verheijen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Neurol. Open"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4276","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.17.5133","article-title":"Screening for Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Follow-up Study of Patients with Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Titulaer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000002192","article-title":"Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Associated with Extrapulmonary Small Cell Cancer Detected by 18F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, B.Y., An, H.J., and Lim, S.H. (2022). Long-Standing Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Caused by Undetectable Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Why We Should Follow-up LEMS. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071542"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13740","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13740","article-title":"SOX-1 Antibodies Positive Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome with Occult Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2454","article-title":"Mediastinal Small Cell Cancer Associated with Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: A Case Report","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"3","article-title":"Overview of Cancer-Related Hypercalcemia: Epidemiology and Etiology","volume":"17","author":"Muggia","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin Oncol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvad114.1116","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad114.1116","article-title":"THU036 68Ga-DOTATOC PET\/CT in Localization of ACTH-Producing Pituitary Tumors in Patients with Cushing Disease","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4274\/Mirt.69775","article-title":"The Value of Somatostatin Receptor Imaging with In-111 Octreotide and\/or Ga-68 DOTATATE in Localizing Ectopic ACTH Producing Tumors","volume":"22","author":"Kuyumcu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Radionucl. Ther."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-019-00972-w","article-title":"Diagnostic Utility of Gallium-68-Somatostatin Receptor PET\/CT in Ectopic ACTH-Secreting Tumors: A Systematic Literature Review and Single-Center Clinical Experience","volume":"22","author":"Varlamov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-006-0065-9","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of chemical-shift MR imaging to differentiate between adrenal adenomas and non adenoma adrenal lesions","volume":"111","author":"Maurea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.1.9648789","article-title":"Characterization of adrenal masses using unenhanced CT: An analysis of the CT literature","volume":"171","author":"Boland","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.170.3.9490968","article-title":"CT time-attenuation washout curves of adrenal adenomas and nonadenomas","volume":"170","author":"Korobkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s41824-021-00104-3","article-title":"The Value of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE PET\/CT in Diagnosis and Management of Suspected Pituitary Tumors","volume":"5","author":"Novruzov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hybrid. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-1589","article-title":"ABC Study Group Conventional and Nuclear Medicine Imaging in Ectopic Cushing\u2019s Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"100","author":"Isidori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.15024","article-title":"Diagnostic Role of PET\/CT Tracers in the Detection and Localization of Tumours Responsible for Ectopic Cushing\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Zisser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT543","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2022-CT543","article-title":"Abstract CT543: 18F-FDG PET\/CT Detects Potentially Malignant Bone Metastases in Patients with Suspected Lesions: A Prospective Clinical Trial","volume":"82","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.45096","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Predicting Risk of Metastasis among FDG-Avid Bone Lesions in 18F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rlu.0000257282.76269.85","article-title":"F-18 FDG PET\/CT Detection of Mediastinal Malignancy in a Patient with Dermatomyositis","volume":"32","author":"Liau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e204","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318252d22a","article-title":"18F-FDG PET Detection of Unknown Primary Malignancy in Dermatomyositis","volume":"37","author":"Mahmood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14758","article-title":"Clinical Value of 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography for Interstitial Lung Disease and Myositis in Patients with Dermatomyositis","volume":"46","author":"Motegi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.11.012","article-title":"Conventional Cancer Screening versus PET\/CT in Dermatomyositis\/Polymyositis","volume":"123","author":"Grau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"661","article-title":"The prediction of disease progression by 18Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission computed tomography\/CT in patients with dermatomyositis and interstitial lung disease","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-3919.202238","article-title":"Unsuspected Active Ulcerative Colitis in a Patient with Dermatomyositis: A Rare Association Detected on 18F-FDG PET\/CT during the Search for an Occult Malignancy","volume":"32","author":"Rayamajhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yildiz, H., D\u2019abadie, P., and Gheysens, O. (2022). The Role of Quantitative and Semi-Quantitative [18F]FDG-PET\/CT Indices for Evaluating Disease Activity and Management of Patients with Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis. Front. Med. Lausanne, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.883727"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.10.021","article-title":"Positron Emission Tomography Costs Less to Patients than Conventional Screening for Malignancy in Dermatomyositis","volume":"49","author":"Kundrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s41824-020-00084-w","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT in Patients with Polymyositis\/Dermatomyositis: Correlation with Serum Muscle Enzymes","volume":"4","author":"Norikane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hybrid. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000854","article-title":"68Ga DOTATATE PET\/CT Is an Accurate Imaging Modality in the Detection of Culprit Tumors Causing Osteomalacia","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s13139-021-00695-6","article-title":"Extended Whole-Body Ga-68 DOTATATE PET-CT in Evaluating Tumour-Induced Osteomalacia: Case Report and Review of Literature","volume":"55","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.04.016","article-title":"68Ga DOTA-TATE PET\/CT Allows Tumor Localization in Patients with Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia but Negative 111In-Octreotide SPECT\/CT","volume":"64","author":"Breer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunikowska, J., Andryszak, N., Skowro\u0144ska-J\u00f3\u017awiak, E., Pe\u0142ka, K., Zygmunt, A., Lewi\u0144ski, A., Rucha\u0142a, M., and Czepczy\u0144ski, R. (2024). Tumour-Induced Osteomalacia\u2014A Long Way to the Diagnosis Facilitated by [68Ga]Ga-DOTATATE PET\/CT. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061817"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-07342-2","article-title":"Diagnostic Efficiency of 68Ga-DOTANOC PET\/CT in Patients with Suspected Tumour-Induced Osteomalacia","volume":"31","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4202","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab258","article-title":"Utility of 18F-AlF-NOTA-Octreotide PET\/CT in the Localization of Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia","volume":"106","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J. (2024). 18F-AlF-NOTA-Octreotide PET\/CT in the Localization of Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia: Case Series and Literature Review. Front. Endocrinol. Lausanne, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1400751"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-021-01575-x","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET\/CT in Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia","volume":"35","author":"Kato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-3971-x","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance and Impact on Patient Management of 68Ga-DOTA-TOC PET\/CT for Detecting Osteomalacia-Associated Tumours","volume":"45","author":"Paquet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, G., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, P., Xia, W., Xing, X., Huo, L., Li, F., and Jing, H. (2022). Head-to-Head Comparison of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE and 68Ga-DOTA-JR11 PET\/CT in Patients with Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia: A Prospective Study. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.811209"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2052","article-title":"68Ga-DOTATATE for Tumor Localization in Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia","volume":"101","author":"Sadowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3642","article-title":"Improving Diagnosis of Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia with Gallium-68 DOTATATE PET\/CT","volume":"98","author":"Hofman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e31821a2728","article-title":"Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy Seen with NaF18 PET\/CT Bone Imaging","volume":"36","author":"Aparici","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e3181b06c1a","article-title":"Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy Diagnosed by FDG PET-CT in a Patient with Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Makis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1122-z","article-title":"PET\/CT for Diagnosis and Management of Large-Vessel Vasculitis","volume":"21","author":"Ruddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherzay, R., Witte, T., Derlin, T., Hoepfner, M., and Bengel, F.M. (2021). Vessel Wall Inflammatory Activity as Determined by F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose PET in Large Vessel Vasculitis Is Attenuated by Immunomodulatory Drugs. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071132"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05362-8","article-title":"Diagnostic Value of [18F]FDG-PET\/CT for Treatment Monitoring in Large Vessel Vasculitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Treglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.47391\/JPMA.24-85","article-title":"Insight into Paraneoplastic Vasculitis Associated with Adenocarcinoma Colon on F18-FDG PET-CT","volume":"74","author":"Zubair","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Shimol, J., Amital, H., Lidar, M., Domachevsky, L., Shoenfeld, Y., and Davidson, T. (2020). The Utility of PET\/CT in Large Vessel Vasculitis. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73818-2"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1159\/000494554","article-title":"Chronic Diarrhea Secondary to Newly Diagnosed VIPoma","volume":"13","author":"Farina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e3283550237","article-title":"18F-FDG PET-CT in the Evaluation of Paraneoplastic Syndromes","volume":"33","author":"Vaidyanathan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4103\/wjnm.WJNM_48_19","article-title":"18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Suspected Paraneoplastic Syndromes: A Retrospective Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Bresler","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3126-2","article-title":"Clinical Value of FDG-PET\/CT in Suspected Paraneoplastic Syndromes: A Retrospective Analysis of 137 Patients","volume":"42","author":"Kristensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.336","article-title":"Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography in Paraneoplastic Neurologic Disorders: Systematic Analysis and Review","volume":"67","author":"McKeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-009-1606-0","article-title":"18F-FDG-PET\/CT in the Diagnosis of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes: A Retrospective Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Bannas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-013-2372-4","article-title":"Detection of Underlying Malignancy in Patients with Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes: Comparison of 18F-FDG PET\/CT and Contrast-Enhanced CT","volume":"40","author":"Schramm","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.175380","article-title":"Whole-Body 18F-FDG PET\/CT Is Superior to CT as First-Line Diagnostic Imaging in Patients Referred with Serious Nonspecific Symptoms or Signs of Cancer: A Randomized Prospective Study of 200 Patients","volume":"58","author":"Lebech","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3722-4","article-title":"18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in the Diagnosis of Malignancy in Patients with Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"44","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semnuclmed.2022.03.004","article-title":"A Role FDG-PET\/CT Response Eval. Metastatic Breast Cancer?","volume":"52","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"473","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT for Monitoring of Treatment Response in Breast Cancer","volume":"89","author":"Rania","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. J. Cairo Univ."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0353","article-title":"FDG-PET\/CT and MRI for Evaluation of Pathologic Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies","volume":"21","author":"Sheikhbahaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncologist"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/16\/2637\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:26:07Z","timestamp":1760034367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/16\/2637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17162637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17162637","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}}}