{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T21:40:55Z","timestamp":1782510055066,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy, substantially improving survival across a broad range of malignancies. However, these agents are associated with a unique profile of endocrine immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including thyroiditis, hypophysitis, adrenalitis, and pancreatitis, which differ significantly from the toxicities seen with conventional chemotherapy. These complications often arise unpredictably during treatment and may result in irreversible hormone deficiencies requiring lifelong replacement, underscoring the importance of early detection. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET\/CT) has emerged as a valuable tool not only for oncologic staging and response assessment but also for detecting metabolic changes in endocrine organs. PET\/CT can identify irAEs before the appearance of clinical symptoms or biochemical abnormalities. Emerging evidence suggests that the presence of endocrine irAEs identified by 18F-FDG PET\/CT may correlate with improved treatment response and survival, possibly reflecting enhanced immune activation. This comprehensive review discusses the role of 18F-FDG PET\/CT in the early recognition of therapy-induced endocrine toxicities, facilitating timely intervention through hormone replacement or immunosuppressive therapy while minimizing unnecessary treatment interruptions. Effective integration of metabolic imaging with clinical and laboratory evaluation requires coordinated multidisciplinary collaboration among oncologists, endocrinologists, and nuclear medicine physicians to optimize outcomes and reduce endocrine-related morbidity in the era of precision oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17162651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T15:16:37Z","timestamp":1755184597000},"page":"2651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Endocrine Adverse Events Induced by Cancer Treatments: The Role of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Giovanella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Diseases, Gruppo Ospedaliero Moncucco, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Thyroid Centre, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry and Endocrinology, Medysin, 6004 Luzern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2352-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Tuncel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0177-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Campenn\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8899-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria Maddalena","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4849-3292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Huellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1946-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Petranovi\u0107 Ov\u010dari\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puliani, G., and Appetecchia, M. 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