{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:06:43Z","timestamp":1780718803289,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A2C2006282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C2006282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a pivotal role in the tumor microenvironment. We conducted an analysis using RNA sequencing to identify specific markers for CAFs compared to normal fibroblasts (NFs) in non-small-cell carcinoma (NSCLC). Methods: CAFs and NFs were isolated and cultured from tumor tissues (primary tumor or metastatic lymph nodes) and matched non-tumor tissues, respectively. Bulk RNA sequencing was conducted on isolated CAFs and normal fibroblast NFs. Differential expressions, gene set enrichment, and CAF subpopulation prediction analyses were performed. Results: During the study period, 27 CAFs and 12 NFs were isolated and cultured from tumor and non-tumor tissues in patients with treatment-na\u00efve NSCLC. Among them, 22 CAFs and 11 NFs were included in the RNA sequencing analysis. The 22 CAF samples consisted of 12 adenocarcinomas and 10 squamous cell carcinomas (SqCC), with 16 samples from the lungs and 6 samples from the lymph nodes. Notably, COL11A1, GREM1, CD36, and GAS6 showed a higher expression in CAFs than in NFs, whereas TNC and CXCL2 were more abundantly expressed in NFs. CD36 levels were elevated in CAFs from lymph nodes (LN-CAFs) compared with those from lung specimens (Lung-CAFs) and NFs. COL11A1 levels in Lung-CAFs surpassed those in LN-CAFs and NFs. Both GREM1 and GAS6 showed a strong expression in Lung-CAFs and LN-CAFs relative to NFs. CAFs exhibited features of the myofibroblast CAF subpopulation, whereas NFs displayed traits of the antigen-presenting CAF subtype. In the co-culture model of CAFs and THP-1 cells, the knockdown of GREM1 or GAS6 in CAFs significantly decreased the M2 marker expression in macrophages. Conclusions: In NSCLC, GREM1 and GAS6 can be valuable diagnostic targets for CAFs from primary tumors and metastatic sites; they warrant further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17172858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T14:02:46Z","timestamp":1756735366000},"page":"2858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification of GREM-1 and GAS6 as Specific Biomarkers for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Derived from Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bo-Guen","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0511-4958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyunghee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyewon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Mi","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junsu","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Hye","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byeong-Ho","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungjong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junghee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeong Jeong","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Ho","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Kwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4234-0380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woong-Yang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9765-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Won","family":"Um","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.73","article-title":"The biology and function of fibroblasts in cancer","volume":"16","author":"Kalluri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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