{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:40:24Z","timestamp":1789508424076,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry at Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasm of plasma cells. Despite the development of increasingly advanced treatments, multiple myeloma remains challenging to cure completely. Consequently, the underlying mechanisms of this neoplasm are being investigated to identify new therapeutic targets and understand chemoresistance. A particular focus has been placed on the MM bone marrow microenvironment, with chemokines being one of its key components. This review examines the role of chemokines that activate the CXCR2 and CXCR3 receptors in both monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and MM, highlighting all CXC chemokines and their receptors, including CXCL1, CXCL8\/IL-8, CXCL9, CXCL10, and platelet factor 4. We focus on the direct effects of selected CXC chemokines on MM cells, specifically their roles in proliferation, migration, interaction with bone marrow cells, the formation of extramedullary disease, and chemoresistance. Additionally, we explore the impact of these chemokines on the MM bone marrow microenvironment, particularly in relation to mesenchymal stromal cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, osteoclasts, M2 macrophages, and natural killer cells, as well as processes such as bone destruction and angiogenesis. Finally, we discuss the potential use of drugs targeting the two chemokine axes described, with a focus on inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17172888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1756814668000},"page":"2888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Importance of Chemokines Activating CXCR1, CXCR2 and CXCR3 in Tumorigenesis as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1642-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Korbecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6381-566X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Barczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Bosiacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 13 W\u0105ska St., 71-415 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8693-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sur\u00f3wka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Endocrine and General Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72-010 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Duchnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the Aesthetic Dermatology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Skarbi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty Str., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilian","family":"Snarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty Str., 65-046 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4497-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Chlubek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2279-4329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Bosiacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 72 Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01620-2","article-title":"The 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours: Lymphoid Neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Alaggio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.2128","article-title":"Global Burden of Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"4","author":"Cowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32978","article-title":"Risk of disease recurrence and survival in patients with multiple myeloma: A German Study Group analysis using a conditional survival approach with long-term follow-up of 815 patients","volume":"126","author":"Schinke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-024-05865-y","article-title":"Comorbidities and survival of multiple myeloma patients diagnosed in Finland between 2000 and 2021","volume":"103","author":"Kysenius","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. 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