{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:55:08Z","timestamp":1792716908429,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Actinic keratosis (AK) is a common UV-induced intraepidermal neoplasm and a precursor to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Accurate, non-invasive assessment of AK severity is crucial for early intervention and risk stratification. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between clinical severity of AK, as defined by the Olsen grading scale, and predefined dermoscopic and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) features. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 50 patients with clinically diagnosed AK at a tertiary dermatology center between April 2024 and July 2025. Each lesion was assessed clinically using the Olsen scale (grades 1\u20133), dermoscopically (five features scored 0\u20133; total score 0\u201315), and via RCM (five RCM parameters scored 0\u20133; total score 0\u201315). Statistical correlations between clinical grade and imaging features were analyzed using Pearson\u2019s \u03c72 test with effect size metrics. Results: Diffuse erythema (p &lt; 0.001), micro-erosions (p = 0.002), strawberry pattern (p = 0.038), and scales (p = 0.012) correlated significantly with Olsen grade, whereas vessels (p = 0.566) did not. All five RCM parameters showed strong associations with clinical severity. Composite dermoscopic and RCM scores correlated with Olsen grade (both p &lt; 0.001). Abnormal honeycomb pattern, parakeratosis, inflammation, and solar elastosis were the best RCM predictors of high dermoscopic severity (all p &lt; 0.001); conversely, erosions, erythema, and scales were the strongest dermoscopic predictors of high RCM severity (all p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrates strong, statistically significant associations between clinical, dermoscopic, and confocal features of AK. This supports the integration of multimodal scoring into unified AK severity frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17172899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T15:15:57Z","timestamp":1756912557000},"page":"2899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Clinical, Dermoscopic, and Confocal Microscopy Scores for Assessing Severity of Actinic Keratosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9766-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Soare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Codru\u021ba","family":"Cozma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, \u201cElias\u201d University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u0103lin","family":"Giurc\u0103neanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, \u201cElias\u201d University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlad Mihai","family":"Voiculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, \u201cElias\u201d University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2020.01.004","article-title":"Nosological Profile of Dermatological Diseases in Primary Health Care and Dermatology Secondary Care in Florian\u00f3polis (2016\u20132017)","volume":"95","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103339","article-title":"The Risk of Progression to Invasive Disease","volume":"42","author":"Glogau","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2033300","DOI":"10.52076\/eacad-v3i3.300","article-title":"Rastreamento e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o de Les\u00f5es de Pele Pr\u00e9-Cancerosas: Uma Revis\u00e3o Integrativa","volume":"3","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"E-Acad\u00eamica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.0810","article-title":"Skin Cancer Diagnosis with Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: Reproducibility of Feature Recognition and Accuracy of Diagnosis: Reproducibility of Feature Recognition and Accuracy of Diagnosis","volume":"151","author":"Farnetani","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103342","article-title":"Epidemiology of Actinic Keratoses and Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Salasche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.1.66","article-title":"The Actinic (Solar) Keratosis: A 21st-Century Perspective","volume":"139","author":"Fu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.107497","article-title":"The Nature of Solar Keratosis: A Critical Review in Historical Perspective","volume":"43","author":"Heaphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2009.06.009","article-title":"Actinic Keratosis: Facts and Controversies","volume":"28","author":"Ko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.108373","article-title":"Actinic Keratosis Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"43","author":"Lober","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07860.x","article-title":"Actinic Keratosis Is an Early in Situ Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Proposal for Reclassification","volume":"156","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103344","article-title":"Histopathology of Incipient Intraepidermal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (\u201cactinic Keratosis\u201d)","volume":"42","author":"Cockerell","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2019.10.004","article-title":"Actinic Keratoses: Review of Clinical, Dermoscopic, and Therapeutic Aspects (Corrigir Nos Altos de P\u00e1gina Onde Tem o T\u00edtulo)","volume":"94","author":"Reinehr","year":"2019","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Methods and Results Report\u2013Evidence and Consensus-Based (S3) Guidelines for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis-International League of Dermatological Societies in Cooperation with the European Dermatology Forum","volume":"29","author":"Werner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13180","article-title":"International League of Dermatological Societies; European Dermatology Forum. Evidence- and Consensus-Based (S3) Guidelines for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis\u2013International League of Dermatological Societies in Cooperation with the European Dermatology Forum\u2013Short Version","volume":"29","author":"Werner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.07121.x","article-title":"Solar (Actinic) Keratosis Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Solar (Actinic) Keratosis Is Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"155","author":"Ackerman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.14025","article-title":"Frequent Clones of P53-Mutated Keratinocytes in Normal Human Skin","volume":"93","author":"Jonason","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.65","article-title":"Melanocytes as Instigators and Victims of Oxidative Stress","volume":"134","author":"Denat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016","DOI":"10.17352\/2455-8605.000046","article-title":"Dioxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species\u2019 Paramagnetic Properties Are Important Factors in Dermatology","volume":"8","author":"Bf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000254893","article-title":"Reflectance Confocal Microscopy for Noninvasive Monitoring of Therapy and Detection of Subclinical Actinic Keratoses","volume":"220","author":"Ulrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.03.126","article-title":"Field Cancerization: Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Willenbrink","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14092","article-title":"The Importance of Treating the Field in Actinic Keratosis","volume":"31","author":"Stockfleth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1727","article-title":"A Genetic Explanation of Slaughter\u2019s Concept of Field Cancerization: Evidence and Clinical Implications","volume":"63","author":"Braakhuis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14607","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14607","article-title":"Field Cancerization in Clinically Solitary Actinic Keratosis: A Pilot Study","volume":"34","author":"Micali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08268.x","article-title":"Management of Field Change in Actinic Keratosis: Management of Field Change in AK","volume":"157","author":"Vatve","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1159\/000472253","article-title":"Dermoscopy of Malignant Skin Tumours: What\u2019s New?","volume":"233","author":"Russo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000366541","article-title":"Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: Hallmarks of Keratinocyte Cancer and Its Precursors","volume":"46","author":"Prow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.134","article-title":"Prevalence of Actinic Keratosis and Its Risk Factors in the General Population: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"133","author":"Flohil","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70113-G","article-title":"A Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled Study Evaluating Masoprocol Cream in the Treatment of Actinic Keratoses on the Head and Neck","volume":"24","author":"Olsen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2004.11.001","article-title":"Premalignant and Early Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Butani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.4.507","article-title":"Clinical Recognition of Actinic Keratoses in a High-Risk Population: How Good Are We?: How Good Are We?","volume":"141","author":"Venna","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000366539","article-title":"Dermoscopy of Actinic Keratosis, Intraepidermal Carcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"46","author":"Zalaudek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S521416","article-title":"Dermoscopy and Pathological Correlation in Different Grades of Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022069","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1202a69","article-title":"Rosette or Four Dot Signs in Dermoscopy: A Non-Specific Observation","volume":"12","author":"Jindal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Pract. Concept."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06318.x","article-title":"Dermoscopic Features of Actinic Keratosis","volume":"5","author":"Peris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sgouros, D., Theofili, M., Zafeiropoulou, T., Lallas, A., Apalla, Z., Zaras, A., Liopyris, K., Pappa, G., Polychronaki, E., and Kousta, F. (2023). Dermoscopy of Actinic Keratosis: Is There a True Differentiation between Non-Pigmented and Pigmented Lesions?. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031063"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024147S","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1403S1a147S","article-title":"Clinical and Dermoscopic Diagnosis of Actinic Keratosis","volume":"14","author":"Conforti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol. Pract. Concept."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2017.05.002","article-title":"Dermoscopy of Pigmented Actinic Keratosis of the Face: A Study of 232 Cases","volume":"108","author":"Kelati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14355","article-title":"Dermoscopic Clues to Differentiate Facial Lentigo Maligna from Pigmented Actinic Keratosis","volume":"174","author":"Lallas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.10.010","article-title":"The Skin through Reflectance Confocal Microscopy\u2013Historical Background, Technical Principles, and Its Correlation with Histopathology","volume":"97","author":"Braghiroli","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2011.10.017","article-title":"In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy for Early Diagnosis of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer","volume":"103","author":"Ulrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12532","article-title":"Dermoscopy and Reflectance Confocal Microscopy of Pigmented Actinic Keratoses: A Morphological Study","volume":"29","author":"Moscarella","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-018-0219-8","article-title":"Actinic Keratosis\u2014Can Dermoscopy or RCM Differentiate AK (Not Full Thickness Atypia) from Full-Thickness Atypia\/Invasive SCC?","volume":"7","author":"Combalia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12890","article-title":"Evaluation of Diagnostic Criteria of Actinic Keratosis through Reflectance Confocal Microscopy","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2025.104539","article-title":"The Clinical Value of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in Monitoring Treatment of Actinic Keratosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur, E., Kwiatkowska, D., and Reich, A. (2023). Reflectance Confocal Microscopy and Dermoscopy of Facial Pigmented and Non-Pigmented Actinic Keratosis Features before and after Photodynamic Therapy Treatment. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15235598"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2984","article-title":"Assessment of the Effect of 3% Diclofenac Sodium on Photodamaged Skin by Means of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy","volume":"98","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra, L.O., Le\u00e3o Santos, A.C., Cortinoz, J.R., Magalh\u00e3es, R.F., Vasques, L.I., and Leonardi, G.R. (2024). Photographic Scale for the Characterization of Actinic Keratosis through Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: A Quantitative Approach to Cellular Transformation. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1391859"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16680","article-title":"Histopathological Predictor of the Progression from Actinic Keratosis to Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Quantitative Computer-Aided Image Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-019-00265-2","article-title":"Updates on Treatment Approaches for Cutaneous Field Cancerization","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11202.x","article-title":"Actinic Keratosis in the En-Face and Slice Imaging Mode of High-Definition Optical Coherence Tomography and Comparison with Histology: Actinic Keratosis in High-Definition Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"168","author":"Maier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13215","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13215","article-title":"Comparison of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy and Line-Field Optical Coherence Tomography for the Identification of Keratinocyte Skin Tumours","volume":"29","author":"Cinotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.02.076","article-title":"riSCC: A Personalized Risk Model for the Development of Poor Outcomes in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"93","author":"Jeanselme","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20379","article-title":"A Clinical Comparison and Long-Term Follow-up of Topical 5-Fluorouracil versus Laser Resurfacing in the Treatment of Widespread Actinic Keratoses","volume":"38","author":"Ostertag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, J., Horimoto, K., Sato, S., Minowa, T., and Uhara, H. (2019). Dermoscopy of Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers. Front. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00180"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"201","article-title":"Progression of Actinic Keratosis to Squamous Cell Carcinoma Revisited: Clinical and Treatment Implications","volume":"87","author":"Feldman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S88","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800509","article-title":"Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Precursor Lesions to High-Risk Variants","volume":"19","author":"Smoller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falkenberg, C., Dirschka, T., Gilbert, G., Stockfleth, E., Homey, B., and Schmitz, L. (2023). Basal Proliferation and Acantholysis May Represent Histological High-Risk Factors for Progression into Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comparison Study in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients and Matched Immunocompetent Patients. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061765"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Lu, F., Zhou, F., Song, D., Chang, L., Liu, W., Yan, G., and Zhang, G. (2025). From Actinic Keratosis to Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The Key Pathogenesis and Treatments. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1518633"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/17\/2899\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:39:03Z","timestamp":1760035143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/17\/2899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17172899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17172899","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]}}}