{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:53:04Z","timestamp":1780599184946,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"intramural funding from the working groups of H.M.S. and C.S."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative treatment for high-risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic neoplasms (AML\/MDS). However, AML\/MDS relapse post-transplant is driven by immune escape mechanisms, limiting treatment options and contributing to poor prognosis. Granulocyte\u2013Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) and Prostaglandin-E1 (PGE-1) (termed \u201cKit M\u201d) induce dendritic cells of leukemic origin (DCleu) that have been shown to induce antileukemic immune responses. Methods: Using flow cytometry, we analyzed ICM\/ICML-expressing uncultured T-cells\/blasts in whole blood (WB) samples from patients with AML\/MDS relapse post-allo-HCT who had received salvage treatment. Using Kit M, DCleu were generated ex vivo. T-cell-enriched mixed-lymphocyte cultures (MLC) were performed for functional assessment of DC\/DCleu to stimulate (leukemia specifically) patients\u2019 immune cells. After MLC, ICM\/ICML-expressing cells and immune activation were assessed. The experimental results were correlated with patients\u2019 clinical responses to salvage treatment. Results: WB samples from 15 patients were analyzed. On average, high frequencies of ICM (CTLA4\/PD1)-co-expressing blasts and high frequencies of ICM (CTLA4\/PD1\/TIGIT\/TIM3\/2B4)-co-expressing T-cells were found in uncultured WB, compared to the frequencies of healthy ICM-expressing T-cells. Treatment with Kit M induced DC\/DCleu, which, after MLC, downregulated ICM-expressing T-cells and enhanced activated and memory T-cells. High frequencies of ICM-co-expressing uncultured T-cells\/blasts correlated negatively with the blast lysis capacity and patients\u2019 clinical response to relapse treatment. However, post-MLC, Kit-mediated modulation of ICM-expressing T cells did not correlate with blast lysis, nor with patients\u2019 clinical response to treatment. Conclusions: We conclude that Kit M contributes to overcoming impaired antileukemic reactions, independent of the presence of ICM-expressing T-cells in relapsed AML patients after allo-HCT ex vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17182948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T12:15:17Z","timestamp":1757420117000},"page":"2948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dendritic Cells of Leukemic Origin (DCleu) Modulate the Expression of Inhibitory Checkpoint Molecules and Their Ligands on T Cells and Blasts in AML Relapse After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xiaojia","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Filippini Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Augsburg University Hospital and Medical Faculty, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Bohlscheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Unterfrauner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazal Aslan","family":"Rejeski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Hartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Baudrexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7070-487X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Hematology and Oncology, Augsburg University Hospital and Medical Faculty, 86156 Augsburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helga Maria","family":"Schmetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Center for Cancer Research 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