{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:57:27Z","timestamp":1790139447254,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) represents a malignancy with low incidence. Despite advances in chemotherapy-based management, outcomes for patients with locally advanced and metastatic disease remain poor, with 5-year survival rates of 51% and 9%, respectively. Early diagnosis is crucial, yet psychosocial\/structural barriers often delay it. Treatment strategies are stage-dependent, ranging from organ-sparing surgery and targeted radiotherapy for early-stage disease to cisplatin-based chemotherapy for locally advanced and metastatic cases. However, systemic therapies provide modest survival benefits and can expose the patient to unnecessary toxicities. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising area, given the high expression of PD-L1 in PSCC and the significant proportion of HPV-driven tumors. Although initial results from immunotherapy-based trials are limited, preliminary trials such as HERCULES, ALPACA, PULSE, and PERICLES aim to define their role better. Similarly, combination regimens utilizing toripalimab in combination with nimotuzumab and taxane-based chemotherapy (TNT) followed by consolidative surgery are currently underway. Furthermore, the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines offers a novel strategy to enhance local antitumor immunity. Antibody\u2013drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting HER-2, Trop-2, and Nectin-4 antigens represent another evolving therapeutic avenue that has shown preliminary promising results. As the landscape of penile cancer treatment continues to grow, incorporating these novel strategies could further improve survival outcomes and\/or offer improved quality of life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of emerging systemic therapies in PSCC, underscoring ongoing research efforts to address unmet needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17182956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T08:43:54Z","timestamp":1757493834000},"page":"2956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluating the Evolving Treatment Landscape of Systemic Therapies in Penile Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4334-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvador","family":"Jaime-Casas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, Duarte, CA 91010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Barragan-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8271-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Eskenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3415-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan P.","family":"Dugarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USC Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jad","family":"Chahoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5723-1972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe E.","family":"Spiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis G.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"American Cancer Society (2025, June 15). Key Statistics for Penile Cancer. 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