{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:28:39Z","timestamp":1790573319898,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Cancer Institute","award":["ZIA BC011840"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA BC011840"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-grade gliomas are aggressive primary brain tumors and often fatal. They are characterized by rapid growth, treatment resistance, and significant heterogeneity both within and between tumors. A growing body of evidence highlights the mitochondria, dynamic organelles essential for energy production, apoptosis regulation, and metabolic rewiring, as a critical driver in glioma progression and treatment resistance. As a result, these insights have sparked growing interest in mitochondrial-directed therapies. This review highlights the distinct metabolic features and mitochondrial processes of glioma, outlining the rationale for targeting mitochondrial function. We discuss recent advances in mitochondrial-targeted therapies, with a focus on caseinolytic protease P (ClpP) agonism as a breakthrough in the treatment of diffuse midline glioma (DMG). Moreover, we discuss the pathogenic link between mitochondrial metabolism and epigenetic regulation, and the potential therapeutic benefit of disrupting this interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17183062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T08:11:01Z","timestamp":1758269461000},"page":"3062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Targeting the Mitochondria in High-Grade Gliomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shaunak","family":"Sathe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5823-799X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-6246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinkyu","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1686-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad149","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2016\u20132020","volume":"25","author":"Ostrom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.8.2572","article-title":"Outcomes and prognostic factors in recurrent glioma patients enrolled onto phase II clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"Wong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-013-1189-0","article-title":"Clinico-radiologic characteristics of long-term survivors of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma","volume":"114","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.9308","article-title":"Clinical, Radiologic, Pathologic, and Molecular Characteristics of Long-Term Survivors of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG): A Collaborative Report From the International and European Society for Pediatric Oncology DIPG Registries","volume":"36","author":"Hoffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.217778.113","article-title":"The histone H3.3K27M mutation in pediatric glioma reprograms H3K27 methylation and gene expression","volume":"27","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2456","article-title":"Mitochondrial Reprogramming Regulates Breast Cancer Progression","volume":"22","author":"Kannan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02670-y","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in colorectal cancer: Mechanisms of resistance and future clinical interventions","volume":"11","author":"Qiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-1865","article-title":"Altered Mitochondria Functionality Defines a Metastatic Cell State in Lung Cancer and Creates an Exploitable Vulnerability","volume":"81","author":"Chuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2022.103858","article-title":"Targeting mitochondrial dysfunctions in pancreatic cancer evokes new therapeutic opportunities","volume":"180","author":"Sarwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Chen, Y., Liu, X., and Deng, H. (2023). Multi-Omics Analyses Reveal Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contributing to Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma Cells. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091408"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3137","article-title":"Targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Fulda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70121","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70121","article-title":"The Role and Applied Value of Mitochondria in Glioma-Related Research","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-01891-y","article-title":"The promise of mitochondria in the treatment of glioblastoma: A brief review","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"309","article-title":"On the metabolism of carcinoma cells","volume":"152","author":"Warburg","year":"1924","journal-title":"Biochem. Z."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strickland, M., and Stoll, E.A. (2017). Metabolic Reprogramming in Glioma. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2017.00043"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.12.001","article-title":"The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells?","volume":"41","author":"Liberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160809","article-title":"Understanding the Warburg effect: The metabolic requirements of cell proliferation","volume":"324","author":"Cantley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortes Ballen, A.I., Amosu, M., Ravinder, S., Chan, J., Derin, E., Slika, H., and Tyler, B. (2024). Metabolic Reprogramming in Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Review of Pathways and Therapeutic Targets. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13181574"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belisario, D.C., Kopecka, J., Pasino, M., Akman, M., De Smaele, E., Donadelli, M., and Riganti, C. (2020). Hypoxia Dictates Metabolic Rewiring of Tumors: Implications for Chemoresistance. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122598"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly124","article-title":"Expression of GLUT1 in Pseudopalisaded and Perivascular Tumor Cells Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Patients With Glioblastomas","volume":"78","author":"Komaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2010.05.003","article-title":"Glutamine addiction: A new therapeutic target in cancer","volume":"35","author":"Wise","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.439","article-title":"SREBP maintains lipid biosynthesis and viability of cancer cells under lipid- and oxygen-deprived conditions and defines a gene signature associated with poor survival in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"34","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02390-3","article-title":"Lipid metabolism: The potential therapeutic targets in glioblastoma","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199805)23:1<1::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Structural organization of the perivascular astrocyte endfeet and their relationship with the endothelial glucose transporter: A confocal microscopy study","volume":"23","author":"Kacem","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(94)90183-X","article-title":"Gene expression of GLUT3 and GLUT1 glucose transporters in human brain tumors","volume":"27","author":"Boado","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/19336918.2021.1903684","article-title":"A role for GLUT3 in glioblastoma cell invasion that is not recapitulated by GLUT1","volume":"15","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Adh Migr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obara-Michlewska, M., and Szeliga, M. (2020). Targeting Glutamine Addiction in Gliomas. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020310"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Khayari, A., Bouchmaa, N., Taib, B., Wei, Z., Zeng, A., and El Fatimy, R. (2022). Metabolic Rewiring in Glioblastoma Cancer: EGFR, IDH and Beyond. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.901951"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrarese, R., Izzo, A., Andrieux, G., Lagies, S., Bartmuss, J.P., Masilamani, A.P., Wasilenko, A., Osti, D., Faletti, S., and Schulzki, R. (2023). ZBTB18 inhibits SREBP-dependent lipid synthesis by halting CTBPs and LSD1 activity in glioblastoma. Life Sci. Alliance, 6.","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201400"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5337","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2973","article-title":"Inhibition of SOAT1 Suppresses Glioblastoma Growth via Blocking SREBP-1-Mediated Lipogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Geng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2449-5","article-title":"Enhanced fatty acid oxidation provides glioblastoma cells metabolic plasticity to accommodate to its dynamic nutrient microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Kant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/now128","article-title":"Fatty acid oxidation is required for the respiration and proliferation of malignant glioma cells","volume":"19","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2024.100985","article-title":"Advancing glioblastoma treatment by targeting metabolism","volume":"51","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miska, J., and Chandel, N.S. (2023). Targeting fatty acid metabolism in glioblastoma. J. Clin. Investig., 133.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163448"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-02056-1","article-title":"Wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase under the spotlight in glioblastoma","volume":"41","author":"Alzial","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-16-2008","article-title":"Glioblastoma Therapy Can Be Augmented by Targeting IDH1-Mediated NADPH Biosynthesis","volume":"77","author":"Wahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808710","article-title":"IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas","volume":"360","author":"Yan","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1215\/15228517-2009-025","article-title":"IDH1 mutations are present in the majority of common adult gliomas but rare in primary glioblastomas","volume":"11","author":"Ichimura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43653","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6189","article-title":"Genomic dynamics associated with malignant transformation in IDH1 mutated gliomas","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-024-00364-0","article-title":"Glutaminolysis is associated with mitochondrial pathway activation and can be therapeutically targeted in glioblastoma","volume":"12","author":"Miki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-23-0144","article-title":"Mitochondria Transfer from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Confers Chemoresistance to Glioblastoma Stem Cells through Metabolic Rewiring","volume":"3","author":"Nakhle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-023-00556-5","article-title":"GAP43-dependent mitochondria transfer from astrocytes enhances glioblastoma tumorigenicity","volume":"4","author":"Watson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08439-0","article-title":"Immune evasion through mitochondrial transfer in the tumour microenvironment","volume":"638","author":"Ikeda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-01916-6","article-title":"Identification of mitophagy-related genes impacting patient survival in glioma","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Qiu, X., Huang, J., Zhuo, Z., Chen, H., Zeng, R., Wu, H., Guo, K., Yang, Q., and Ye, H. (2022). Development and validation of a novel mitophagy-related gene prognostic signature for glioblastoma multiforme. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09707-w"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06112-4","article-title":"BCL2L13 promotes mitophagy through DNM1L-mediated mitochondrial fission in glioblastoma","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00663-y","article-title":"FOXO3a protects glioma cells against temozolomide-induced DNA double strand breaks via promotion of BNIP3-mediated mitophagy","volume":"42","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-024-03194-6","article-title":"Targeting DNM1L\/DRP1-FIS1 axis inhibits high-grade glioma progression by impeding mitochondrial respiratory cristae remodeling","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1885203","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits human glioma by induction of lethal mitophagy through activating TRPV4","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21620","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100067R","article-title":"Mitochondrial fusion and fission: The fine-tune balance for cellular homeostasis","volume":"35","author":"Adebayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"423","article-title":"Divide et Impera: Drp1-mediated Mitochondrial Fission in Glioma Malignancy","volume":"92","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2014.3235","article-title":"Involvement of Drp1 in hypoxia-induced migration of human glioblastoma U251 cells","volume":"32","author":"Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.019","article-title":"Mitochondrial Metabolism as a Target for Cancer Therapy","volume":"32","author":"Vasan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gatto, L., Di Nunno, V., Ghelardini, A., Tosoni, A., Bartolini, S., Asioli, S., Ratti, S., Di Stefano, A.L., and Franceschi, E. (2024). Targeting Mitochondria in Glioma: New Hopes for a Cure. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122730"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0177-5","article-title":"Challenges to curing primary brain tumours","volume":"16","author":"Aldape","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duraj, T., Garcia-Romero, N., Carrion-Navarro, J., Madurga, R., Mendivil, A.O., Prat-Acin, R., Garcia-Canamaque, L., and Ayuso-Sacido, A. (2021). Beyond the Warburg Effect: Oxidative and Glycolytic Phenotypes Coexist within the Metabolic Heterogeneity of Glioblastoma. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020202"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2666","article-title":"An anatomic transcriptional atlas of human glioblastoma","volume":"360","author":"Puchalski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-00159-4","article-title":"Pathway-based classification of glioblastoma uncovers a mitochondrial subtype with therapeutic vulnerabilities","volume":"2","author":"Garofano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae255","article-title":"Inhibition of mitochondrial bioenergetics and hypoxia to radiosensitize diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma","volume":"27","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.06.092","article-title":"Lactic acid induces lactate transport and glycolysis\/OXPHOS interconversion in glioblastoma","volume":"503","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.05.097","article-title":"Lactic acidosis switches cancer cells from dependence on glycolysis to OXPHOS and renders them highly sensitive to OXPHOS inhibitors","volume":"671","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16062","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106704108","article-title":"Metabolic state of glioma stem cells and nontumorigenic cells","volume":"108","author":"Vlashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.027","article-title":"The Warburg effect: Evolving interpretations of an established concept","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-025-03429-6","article-title":"Functional mitochondrial respiration is essential for glioblastoma tumour growth","volume":"44","author":"Brisudova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00415-0","article-title":"The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain","volume":"23","author":"Vercellino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, J.P., Oliveira, P.J., and Urbano, A.M. (2025). Mitochondria: An overview of their origin, genome, architecture, and dynamics. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1871.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2025.167803"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0384-2","article-title":"ROS in cancer therapy: The bright side of the moon","volume":"52","author":"Perillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinaldi, M., Caffo, M., Minutoli, L., Marini, H., Abbritti, R.V., Squadrito, F., Trichilo, V., Valenti, A., Barresi, V., and Altavilla, D. (2016). ROS and Brain Gliomas: An Overview of Potential and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060984"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes-Fayos, A.C., ME, G.G., Perez-Gomez, J.M., Montero-Hidalgo, A.J., Martin-Colom, J., Doval-Rosa, C., Blanco-Acevedo, C., Torres, E., Toledano-Delgado, A., and Sanchez-Sanchez, R. (2023). Metformin and simvastatin exert additive antitumour effects in glioblastoma via senescence-state: Clinical and translational evidence. EBioMedicine, 90.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104484"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, S., Mansour, H.M., Aguilar, T.M., and Lucke-Wold, B. (2024). Advances in Anti-Cancer Drug Development: Metformin as Anti-Angiogenic Supplemental Treatment for Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115694"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31811","article-title":"Phase 1 lead-in to a phase 2 factorial study of temozolomide plus memantine, mefloquine, and metformin as postradiation adjuvant therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma","volume":"125","author":"Maraka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-023-00678-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of metformin plus low-dose temozolomide in patients with recurrent or refractory glioblastoma: A randomized, prospective, multicenter, double-blind, controlled, phase 2 trial (KNOG-1501 study)","volume":"14","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2016.11.006","article-title":"A Phase 2 Trial of Neoadjuvant Temozolomide Followed by Hypofractionated Accelerated Radiation Therapy with Concurrent and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Patients with Glioblastoma","volume":"97","author":"Shenouda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khurshed, M., Molenaar, R.J., van Linde, M.E., Mathot, R.A., Struys, E.A., van Wezel, T., van Noorden, C.J.F., Klumpen, H.J., Bovee, J., and Wilmink, J.W. (2021). A Phase Ib Clinical Trial of Metformin and Chloroquine in Patients with IDH1-Mutated Solid Tumors. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13102474"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-021-03786-8","article-title":"A Phase I clinical trial of dose-escalated metabolic therapy combined with concomitant radiation therapy in high-grade glioma","volume":"153","author":"Porper","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02103-8","article-title":"Complex I inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation in advanced solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemia: Phase I trials","volume":"29","author":"Yap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-022-01277-9","article-title":"First-in-human study of IM156, a novel potent biguanide oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors","volume":"40","author":"Janku","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. New Drugs"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De, L., Yuan, T., and Yong, Z. (2020). ST1926 inhibits glioma progression through regulating mitochondrial complex II. Biomed. Pharmacother., 128.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110291"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2004.07.016","article-title":"Potentiation by alpha-tocopheryl succinate of the etoposide response in multidrug resistance protein 1-expressing glioblastoma cells","volume":"217","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2041-z","article-title":"The natural compound gracillin exerts potent antitumor activity by targeting mitochondrial complex II","volume":"10","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"629","article-title":"Mahanine, a novel mitochondrial complex-III inhibitor induces G0\/G1 arrest through redox alteration-mediated DNA damage response and regresses glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"4","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.11.009","article-title":"Mahanine induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell migration, invasion and PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signalling pathway in glioma cells and inhibits tumor growth in vivo","volume":"299","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, G., Hardy, M., Topchyan, P., Zander, R., Volberding, P., Cui, W., and Kalyanaraman, B. (2020). Potent inhibition of tumour cell proliferation and immunoregulatory function by mitochondria-targeted atovaquone. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74808-0"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05741","article-title":"The efficacy of the anticancer 3-bromopyruvate is potentiated by antimycin and menadione by unbalancing mitochondrial ROS production and disposal in U118 glioblastoma cells","volume":"6","author":"Petricciuolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12226","article-title":"Licochalcone A specifically induces cell death in glioma stem cells via mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"7","author":"Kuramoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-011-0763-1","article-title":"Arsenic trioxide induces autophagy and apoptosis in human glioma cells in vitro and in vivo through downregulation of survivin","volume":"89","author":"Chiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-017-2469-x","article-title":"A phase II trial of arsenic trioxide and temozolomide in combination with radiation therapy for patients with malignant gliomas","volume":"133","author":"Kumthekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vdae089","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae089","article-title":"Phase I and pharmacodynamic study of arsenic trioxide plus radiotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma","volume":"6","author":"Ryu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12288","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701549104","article-title":"Targeting thioredoxin reductase is a basis for cancer therapy by arsenic trioxide","volume":"104","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0993-x","article-title":"Gboxin is an oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor that targets glioblastoma","volume":"567","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40280-3","article-title":"Cancer cell-mitochondria hybrid membrane coated Gboxin loaded nanomedicines for glioblastoma treatment","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-021-00788-x","article-title":"Bedaquiline, an FDA-approved drug, inhibits mitochondrial ATP production and metastasis in vivo, by targeting the gamma subunit (ATP5F1C) of the ATP synthase","volume":"28","author":"Fiorillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c01989","article-title":"Dissecting Structural Requirements of Leucinostatin A Derivatives for Antiprotozoal Activity and Mammalian Toxicity","volume":"68","author":"Rimle","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0957-6","article-title":"Phase I study of arsenic trioxide and temozolomide in combination with radiation therapy in patients with malignant gliomas","volume":"110","author":"Grimm","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuro-Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not021","article-title":"A phase I trial of arsenic trioxide chemoradiotherapy for infiltrating astrocytomas of childhood","volume":"15","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02731-7","article-title":"Etomoxir, a carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 inhibitor, combined with temozolomide reduces stemness and invasiveness in patient-derived glioblastoma tumorspheres","volume":"22","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110642","article-title":"Etomoxir repurposed as a promiscuous fatty acid mimetic chemoproteomic probe","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3002-2-4","article-title":"A strategically designed small molecule attacks alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in tumor cells through a redox process","volume":"2","author":"Stuart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"e172565","article-title":"OGDH and Bcl-xL loss causes synthetic lethality in glioblastoma","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30314-5","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of the first-in-class agent CPI-613 in combination with modified FOLFIRINOX in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer: A single-centre, open-label, dose-escalation, phase 1 trial","volume":"18","author":"Alistar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-0833","article-title":"Antitumor Activity of a Mitochondrial-Targeted HSP90 Inhibitor in Gliomas","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2022.2029132","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy\u2014Preclinical characterization of gamitrinib, a first-in-class, mitochondriaL-targeted small molecule Hsp90 inhibitor","volume":"23","author":"Hayat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24108-6","article-title":"Suppression of mitochondrial ROS by prohibitin drives glioblastoma progression and therapeutic resistance","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1173-4","article-title":"Celastrol mediates autophagy and apoptosis via the ROS\/JNK and Akt\/mTOR signaling pathways in glioma cells","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhao, P., Wang, X., Wang, L., Zhu, Y., and Gao, W. (2019). Triptolide Induces Glioma Cell Autophagy and Apoptosis via Upregulating the ROS\/JNK and Downregulating the Akt\/mTOR Signaling Pathways. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00387"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2035-x","article-title":"ROS-mediated inactivation of the PI3K\/AKT pathway is involved in the antigastric cancer effects of thioredoxin reductase-1 inhibitor chaetocin","volume":"10","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Gisbergen, M.W., Offermans, K., Voets, A.M., Lieuwes, N.G., Biemans, R., Hoffmann, R.F., Dubois, L.J., and Lambin, P. (2020). Mitochondrial Dysfunction Inhibits Hypoxia-Induced HIF-1alpha Stabilization and Expression of Its Downstream Targets. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00770"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdes-Rives, S.A., Casique-Aguirre, D., German-Castelan, L., Velasco-Velazquez, M.A., and Gonzalez-Arenas, A. (2017). Apoptotic Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma and Therapeutic Implications. Biomed. Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7403747"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rana, R., Huirem, R.S., Kant, R., Chauhan, K., Sharma, S., Yashavarddhan, M.H., Chhabra, S.S., Acharya, R., Kalra, S.K., and Gupta, A. (2022). Cytochrome C as a potential clinical marker for diagnosis and treatment of glioma. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.960787"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171ra117","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004828","article-title":"Dual inactivation of Akt and ERK by TIC10 signals Foxo3a nuclear translocation, TRAIL gene induction, and potent antitumor effects","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ra17","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aac4380","article-title":"ATF4 induction through an atypical integrated stress response to ONC201 triggers p53-independent apoptosis in hematological malignancies","volume":"9","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12928-6","article-title":"A Bayesian machine learning approach for drug target identification using diverse data types","volume":"10","author":"Madhukar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"vdab169","article-title":"Preclinical and clinical evaluation of German-sourced ONC201 for the treatment of H3K27M-mutant diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma","volume":"3","author":"Duchatel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurooncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03271-3","article-title":"Pediatric and adult H3 K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma treated with the selective DRD2 antagonist ONC201","volume":"145","author":"Chi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1589-18.2018","article-title":"Activation of Dopamine Receptor 2 Prompts Transcriptomic and Metabolic Plasticity in Glioblastoma","volume":"39","author":"Caragher","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"5374","article-title":"Highly potent dopamine receptor D2 antagonist ONC206 demonstrates anti-tumorigenic activity in endometrial cancer","volume":"11","author":"Staley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.03.014","article-title":"Mitochondrial ClpP-Mediated Proteolysis Induces Selective Cancer Cell Lethality","volume":"35","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.9b00222","article-title":"Mitochondrial Protease ClpP is a Target for the Anticancer Compounds ONC201 and Related Analogues","volume":"14","author":"Graves","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2017.10.002","article-title":"Role of Dopamine Receptors in the Anticancer Activity of ONC201","volume":"20","author":"Kline","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03062-z","article-title":"Mitochondrial ClpP serine protease-biological function and emerging target for cancer therapy","volume":"11","author":"Nouri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac041","article-title":"Imipridones affect tumor bioenergetics and promote cell lineage differentiation in diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"24","author":"Przystal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S136","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noad144","article-title":"A review of current therapeutics targeting the mitochondrial protease ClpP in diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27-altered","volume":"26","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-1230","article-title":"St. Jude Cloud: A Pediatric Cancer Genomic Data-Sharing Ecosystem","volume":"11","author":"McLeod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.044","article-title":"Integrated Proteogenomic Characterization across Major Histological Types of Pediatric Brain Cancer","volume":"183","author":"Petralia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00993","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.993","article-title":"Characterization of TR-107, a novel chemical activator of the human mitochondrial protease ClpP","volume":"10","author":"Fennell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-24-0170","article-title":"TR-107, an Agonist of Caseinolytic Peptidase Proteolytic Subunit, Disrupts Mitochondrial Metabolism and Inhibits the Growth of Human Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"23","author":"Giarrizzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2024.200834","article-title":"Combining the constitutive TRAIL-secreting induced neural stem cell therapy with the novel anti-cancer drug TR-107 in glioblastoma","volume":"32","author":"Thang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2658","article-title":"First-in-Human Clinical Trial of Oral ONC201 in Patients with Refractory Solid Tumors","volume":"23","author":"Stein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79298","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17837","article-title":"A phase 2 study of the first imipridone ONC201, a selective DRD2 antagonist for oncology, administered every three weeks in recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"8","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"vdac143","article-title":"Phase I dose escalation and expansion trial of single agent ONC201 in pediatric diffuse midline gliomas following radiotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Gardner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurooncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac030","article-title":"Serial H3K27M cell-free tumor DNA (cf-tDNA) tracking predicts ONC201 treatment response and progression in diffuse midline glioma","volume":"24","author":"Cantor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"viii291","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae165.1154","article-title":"GABA production induced by imipridones is a targetable and imageable metabolic alteration in diffuse midline gliomas","volume":"26","author":"Batsios","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-23-0131","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of ONC201 in H3K27M-Mutant Diffuse Midline Gliomas Is Driven by Disruption of Integrated Metabolic and Epigenetic Pathways","volume":"13","author":"Venneti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.311027.117","article-title":"Acetyl-CoA promotes glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration through Ca(2+)-NFAT signaling","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Chen, C., Wang, X., Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Chen, J., and Shi, Y. (2022). An Epigenetic Role of Mitochondria in Cancer. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11162518"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bassal, M.A. (2023). The Interplay between Dysregulated Metabolism and Epigenetics in Cancer. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060944"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00450-x","article-title":"The role of m6A modification in the biological functions and diseases","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokogami, K., Kikuchi, T., Watanabe, T., Nakatake, Y., Yamashita, S., Mizuguchi, A., and Takeshima, H. (2022). Methionine regulates self-renewal, pluripotency, and cell death of GIC through cholesterol-rRNA axis. BMC Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10280-5"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.687","article-title":"N6-methyladenosine in nuclear RNA is a major substrate of the obesity-associated FTO","volume":"7","author":"Jia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3724","article-title":"Gene expression regulation mediated through reversible m6A RNA methylation","volume":"15","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2017.02.004","article-title":"Mitochondria and Epigenetics\u2014Crosstalk in Homeostasis and Stress","volume":"27","author":"Matilainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2011.43","article-title":"The oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate inhibits histone lysine demethylases","volume":"12","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5301","DOI":"10.1039\/D1BM02006D","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeting nano therapy altering IDH2-mediated EZH2\/EZH1 interaction as precise epigenetic regulation in glioblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Kaundal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02129-y","article-title":"Time to hit pause on mitochondria-targeting cancer therapies","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.62347\/DZAT5333","article-title":"Reduced EZH1\/2 expression in imipridone-treated cells correlates with synergy following combinations with EZH1\/2 or HDAC inhibitors in diffuse glioma and other tumors","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-2857","article-title":"Induction of Synthetic Lethality by Activation of Mitochondrial ClpP and Inhibition of HDAC1\/2 in Glioblastoma","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2023.101826","article-title":"A sojourn on mitochondria targeted drug delivery systems for cancer: Strategies, clinical and future prospects","volume":"74","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/18\/3062\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:48:45Z","timestamp":1760035725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/18\/3062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17183062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17183062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]}}}