{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:54:25Z","timestamp":1759334065404,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Breast cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy in women worldwide, characterized by remarkable genetic, molecular, and clinical heterogeneity. Traditional preclinical models have significantly advanced our understanding of tumor biology, yet consistently fall short in recapitulating the complexity of the human tumor microenvironment (TME), immune, and metastatic behavior. In recent years, breast cancer-on-a-chip (BCOC) have emerged as powerful microengineered systems that integrate patient-derived cells, stromal and immune components, and physiological stimuli such as perfusion, hypoxia, and acidic milieu within controlled three-dimensional microenvironments. Aim: To comprehensively review the BCOC development and application, encompassing fabrication materials, biological modeling of key subtypes (DCIS, luminal A, triple-negative), dynamic tumor\u2013stroma\u2013immune crosstalk, and organotropic metastasis to bone, liver, brain, lungs, and lymph nodes. Methods: We selected papers from academic trusted databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar) by using Breast Cancer, Microfluidic System, and Breast Cancer on a Chip as the main search terms. Results: We critically discuss and highlight how microfluidic systems replicate essential features of disease progression\u2014such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, vascular invasion, immune evasion, and therapy resistance\u2014with unprecedented physiological relevance. Special attention has been paid to the integration of liquid biopsy technologies within microfluidic platforms for non-invasive, real-time analysis of circulating tumor cells, cell-free nucleic acids, and exosomes. Conclusions: In light of regulatory momentum toward reducing animal use in drug development, BCOC platforms stand at the forefront of a new era in precision oncology. By bridging biological fidelity with engineering innovation, these systems hold immense potential to transform cancer research, therapy screening, and personalized medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17193160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T11:40:52Z","timestamp":1759146052000},"page":"3160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microengineered Breast Cancer Models: Shaping the Future of Personalized Oncology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8127-1834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tudor-Alexandru","family":"Popoiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences, Medical Informatics and Biostatistics Discipline, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9530-022X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca Maria","family":"Cimpean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microscopic Morphology\/Histology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center of Expertise for Rare Vascular Disease in Children, Emergency Hospital for Children Louis Turcanu, 300011 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Research, GENOMICA, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square No 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4737-423X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florina","family":"Bojin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center (CIFBIOTEH), Department of Functional Sciences, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Cerbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Radiology and Medical Imaging, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7548-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miruna-Cristiana","family":"Gug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Microscopic Morphology, Discipline of Genetics, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300070 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catalin-Alexandru","family":"Pirvu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X. Department of General Surgery, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelian","family":"Pantea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"X. Department of General Surgery, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3871-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Neagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Modeling Biological Systems and Data Analysis, Department of Functional Sciences, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, No 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10528","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.10528","article-title":"Breast cancer: Global patterns of incidence, mortality, and trends","volume":"41","author":"Sedeta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allahqoli, L., Mazidimoradi, A., Momenimovahed, Z., Rahmani, A., Hakimi, S., Tiznobaik, A., Gharacheh, M., Salehiniya, H., Babaey, F., and Alkatout, I. (2022). The Global Incidence, Mortality, and Burden of Breast Cancer in 2019: Correlation With Smoking, Drinking, and Drug Use. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.921015"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sha, R., Kong, X.M., Li, X.Y., and Wang, Y.B. (2024). Global burden of breast cancer and attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Biomark. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00631-8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.2024.20.10_suppl.146","article-title":"The global and regional disease burden of breast cancer from 1980 to 2021: An analysis of GBD study 2021","volume":"20","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCO Oncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111045","article-title":"Global, reginal, national burden and risk factors in female breast cancer from 1990 to 2021","volume":"27","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, T., Zheng, J., Lin, W., Cai, J., Zou, J., Chen, Y., Xie, Y., and Chen, Y. (2021). The Global, Regional, and National Burden and Trends of Breast Cancer From 1990 to 2019: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.689562"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Jin, Z., Bao, L., and Shu, P. (2024). The global burden of breast cancer in women from 1990 to 2030: Assessment and projection based on the global burden of disease study 2019. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1364397"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300450","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202300450","article-title":"A 3D In Vitro Triculture Hybrid Model Recapitulating Tumor Stromal Interaction of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer as a High Throughput Anticancer Drug Screening Platform","volume":"7","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moccia, C., and Haase, K. (2021). Engineering Breast Cancer On-chip\u2014Moving Toward Subtype Specific Models. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.694218"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2024-6771","article-title":"Abstract 6771: Tumor-microenvironment-on-chip: An ex vivo drug screening platform enabling real-time observation of regional tumor responses during drug development and clinical treatments","volume":"84","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlin, N.J., and Wong, D.A. (2018). Mesenchymal Neoplasms and Primary Lymphomas of the Breast. The Breast: Comprehensive Management of Benign and Malignant Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-35955-9.00011-8"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"910","article-title":"2D and 3D cell cultures\u2014A comparison of different types of cancer cell cultures","volume":"14","author":"Kolenda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2011.09.005","article-title":"From 3D cell culture to organs-on-chips","volume":"21","author":"Huh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108156","article-title":"Organ-on-a-chip platforms as novel advancements for studying heterogeneity, metastasis, and drug efficacy in breast cancer","volume":"237","author":"Kalot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11503","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23817","article-title":"Characterization of primary human mammary epithelial cells isolated and propagated by conditional reprogrammed cell culture","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2005.70.013","article-title":"Microenvironmental regulators of tissue structure and function also regulate tumor induction and progression: The role of extracellular matrix and its degrading enzymes","volume":"70","author":"Bissell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2016.81.030825","article-title":"Pathways involved in formation of mammary organoid architecture have keys to understanding drug resistance and to discovery of druggable targets","volume":"81","author":"Furuta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08212-8","article-title":"Image-based modeling of kidney branching morphogenesis reveals GDNF-RET based Turing-type mechanism and pattern-modulating WNT11 feedback","volume":"10","author":"Menshykau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.1039\/C6LC00718J","article-title":"Microengineered cancer-on-a-chip platforms to study the metastatic microenvironment","volume":"16","author":"Annabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201600772","article-title":"An Engineered Breast Cancer Model on a Chip to Replicate ECM-Activation In Vitro during Tumor Progression","volume":"5","author":"Gioiella","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.028274","article-title":"In vivo models in breast cancer research: Progress, challenges and future directions","volume":"10","author":"Holen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komen, J., van Neerven, S.M., Berg, A.v.D., Vermeulen, L., and van der Meer, A.D. (2021). Mimicking and surpassing the xenograft model with cancer-on-chip technology. eBioMedicine, 66.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103303"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00550A","article-title":"Tumor-on-a-chip for integrating a 3D tumor microenvironment: Chemical and mechanical factors","volume":"20","author":"Wan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900015","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900015","article-title":"A Microfluidic Tumor-on-a-Chip for Assessing Multifunctional Liposomes\u2019 Tumor Targeting and Anticancer Efficacy","volume":"8","author":"Ran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11696","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.0c01590","article-title":"Integrated Array Chip for High-Throughput Screening of Species Differences in Metabolism","volume":"92","author":"Ai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2022.08.008","article-title":"Applying a clinical lens to animal models of CAR-T cell therapies","volume":"27","author":"Duncan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Testa, M., Gaggianesi, M., D\u2019accardo, C., Porcelli, G., Turdo, A., Di Marco, C., Patella, B., Di Franco, S., Modica, C., and Di Bella, S. (2025). A Novel Tumor on Chip Mimicking the Breast Cancer Microenvironment for Dynamic Drug Screening. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031028"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neagu, A.N., Whitham, D., Bruno, P., Versaci, N., Biggers, P., and Darie, C.C. (2024). Tumor-on-chip platforms for breast cancer continuum concept modeling. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1436393"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1021\/mp3005947","article-title":"Multifaceted Transport Characteristics of Nanomedicine: Needs for Characterization in Dynamic Environment","volume":"10","author":"Ozcelikkale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Hao, R., Guo, Q., Zhang, S., and Wang, X. (2021). TP53 Mutation Infers a Poor Prognosis and Is Correlated to Immunocytes Infiltration in Breast Cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.759154"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309693","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2309693","article-title":"Vaccines targeting ESR1 activating mutations elicit anti-tumor immune responses and suppress estrogen signaling in therapy resistant ER+ breast cancer","volume":"20","author":"Dailey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-23-0244","article-title":"Estrogen Receptor Mutations as Novel Targets for Immunotherapy in Metastatic Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Goldberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Yu, Y., Zhang, M., Yu, W., and Kang, L. (2024). Mechanisms of endocrine resistance in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1448687"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-023-00614-3","article-title":"Comprehensive genomic profiling of breast cancers characterizes germline-somatic mutation interactions mediating therapeutic vulnerabilities","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadh8697","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh8697","article-title":"Germline-mediated immunoediting sculpts breast cancer subtypes and metastatic proclivity","volume":"384","author":"Houlahan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45292-1","article-title":"Converging and evolving immuno-genomic routes toward immune escape in breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, T., Laranjeira, P., Caramelo, O., Gil, A.M., and Paiva, A. (2025). Breast Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment: The Crucial Role of Immune Cells. Curr. Oncol., 32.","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32030143"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, G., and Ferrer, C.M. (2025). The role of the immune tumor microenvironment in shaping metastatic dissemination, dormancy, and outgrowth. Trends Cell Biol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2025.05.006"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Y.-W., Liu, C.-C., Zhang, Y.-W., Liu, Y.-M., Chen, L., Xiong, X., Shao, Z.-M., and Yu, K.-D. (2025). MAP3K1 mutations confer tumor immune heterogeneity in hormone receptor\u2013positive HER2-negative breast cancer. J. Clin. Investig., 135.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI183656"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barb, A.C., Fenesan, M.P., Pirtea, M., Margan, M.M., Tomescu, L., Melnic, E., and Cimpean, A.M. (2023). Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLSs) and Stromal Blood Vessels Have Significant and Heterogeneous Impact on Recurrence, Lymphovascular and Perineural Invasion amongst Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081176"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salemme, V., Centonze, G., Cavallo, F., Defilippi, P., and Conti, L. (2021). The Crosstalk Between Tumor Cells and the Immune Microenvironment in Breast Cancer: Implications for Immunotherapy. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.610303"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqae111","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae111","article-title":"ESR1 Fusions Invoke Breast Cancer Subtype-Dependent Enrichment of Ligand-Independent Oncogenic Signatures and Phenotypes","volume":"165","author":"Waltermire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, T., and Lukong, K.E. (2025). Decoding estrogen receptor and GPER biology: Structural insights and therapeutic advances in ER\u03b1\u2212positive breast cancer. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1513225"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Williams, A.E. (2025, July 01). Obesity Enhances Breast Cancer Risk, Metastasis, and Response to Immunotherapy. Available online: https:\/\/search.library.wisc.edu\/digital\/AYORWH24YVA73O86."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-01990-4","article-title":"Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and mechanism of immunotherapy-based drug resistance in breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kundu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2022.2034733","article-title":"The revolution of PDMS microfluidics in cellular biology","volume":"43","author":"Banik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.0c01062","article-title":"Integration of Electrospun Membranes into Low-Absorption Thermoplastic Organ-on-Chip","volume":"7","author":"Chuchuy","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbaczek, A.C., Le\u00e3o, P.A.G.C., de Souza, F.Z.R., Afonso, A., Alberice, J.V., Cappelini, L.T.D., Carlos, I.Z., and Carrilho, E. (2017). Endothelial Cell Culture Under Perfusion On A Polyester-Toner Microfluidic Device. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11043-0"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.051","article-title":"Inexpensive, rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices using overhead transparencies and a laser print, cut and laminate fabrication method","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC01224A","article-title":"Nanofiber membrane supported lung-on-a-chip microdevice for anti-cancer drug testing","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. A Chip"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1039\/c001605e","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a biodegradable elastomer featuring a dual crosslinking mechanism","volume":"6","author":"Tran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00338J","article-title":"Robust chemical bonding of PMMA microfluidic devices to porous PETE membranes for reliable cytotoxicity testing of drugs","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2016.12.016","article-title":"Temperature-dependent mechanical behaviour of PMMA: Experimental analysis and modelling","volume":"58","author":"Ataya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2016.1210420","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone\/poly (glycolic acid) blend scaffolds with biodegradable properties","volume":"27","author":"Shuai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00041","article-title":"Advances in Organ-on-a-Chip Materials and Devices","volume":"5","author":"Nahak","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, S., Heinrich, M., Cecen, B., Prakash, J., and Zhang, Y.S. (2020). Biomaterials for on-chip organ systems. Biomaterials for Organ and Tissue Regeneration: New Technologies and Future Prospects, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102906-0.00019-2"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamprogno, P., W\u00fcthrich, S., Achenbach, S., Thoma, G., Stucki, J.D., Hobi, N., Schneider-Daum, N., Lehr, C.-M., Huwer, H., and Geiser, T. (2021). Second-generation lung-on-a-chip with an array of stretchable alveoli made with a biological membrane. Commun. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01695-0"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1039\/C7IB00024C","article-title":"Integrating perfusable vascular networks with a three-dimensional tissue in a microfluidic device","volume":"9","author":"Nashimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, M., Sun, X., Wang, Z., Guo, S., Yu, G., and Yang, H. (2018). Synthesis and Properties of Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) Hydrogels and Their Recent Applications in Load-Bearing Tissue. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10111290"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, U.M.N., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Sayson, D., Pillai, S., and Tran, S.D. (2023). Microfluidic Organ-on-A-chip: A Guide to Biomaterial Choice and Fabrication. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043232"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-022-00118-6","article-title":"A guide to the organ-on-a-chip","volume":"2","author":"Leung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Prim."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, C., and Lv, Y. (2016). Application of collagen scaffold in tissue engineering: Recent advances and new perspectives. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8020042"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34398","article-title":"A new era for sterilization based on supercritical CO2 technology","volume":"108","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part. B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"213915","article-title":"Human-derived Tumor-On-Chip model to study the heterogeneity of breast cancer tissue","volume":"162","author":"Jeibouei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37448","article-title":"A bone-on-a-chip collagen hydrogel-based model using pre-differentiated adipose-derived stem cells for personalized bone tissue engineering","volume":"111","author":"Arruebo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201500410","article-title":"The Effect of Sterilization Methods on the Structural and Chemical Properties of Fibrin Microthread Scaffolds","volume":"16","author":"Grasman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.1039\/c2lc40819h","article-title":"Patterning microscale extracellular matrices to study endothelial and cancer cell interactions in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Dickinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00815E","article-title":"Recent advances in microfluidic technologies for cell-to-cell interaction studies","volume":"18","author":"Rothbauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lugo-Cintr\u00f3n, K.M., Gong, M.M., Ayuso, J.M., Tomko, L.A., Beebe, D.J., Virumbrales-Mu\u00f1oz, M., and Ponik, S.M. (2020). Breast Fibroblasts and ECM Components Modulate Breast Cancer Cell Migration through the Secretion of MMPs in a 3D Microfluidic Co-Culture Model. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051173"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-199108000-00007","article-title":"Induction of Cytokine Production from Human Monocytes Stimulated with Alginate","volume":"10","author":"Otterlei","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Os\u00f3rio, L.A., Silva, E., and Mackay, R.E. (2021). A Review of Biomaterials and Scaffold Fabrication for Organ-on-a-Chip (OOAC) Systems. Bioengineering, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8080113"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001150","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202001150","article-title":"3D-Printed Soft Lithography for Complex Compartmentalized Microfluidic Neural Devices","volume":"7","author":"Kajtez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1693-2_1","article-title":"Photo and Soft Lithography for Organ-on-Chip Applications","volume":"2373","author":"Ferrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Y., Hassan, M.H., Bakker, O., Hinduja, S., and B\u00e1rtolo, P. (2021). A Review on Microcellular Injection Moulding. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14154209"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1039\/b600584e","article-title":"High fidelity, high yield production of microfluidic devices by hot embossing lithography: Rheology and stiction","volume":"6","author":"Cameron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NR05105B","article-title":"Etching suppression as a means to Pt dendritic ultrathin nanosheets by seeded growth","volume":"15","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041731419859157","DOI":"10.1177\/2041731419859157","article-title":"A laser-cutting-based manufacturing process for the generation of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering using Polycaprolactone\/Hydroxyapatite composite polymer","volume":"10","author":"Schmid","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kafle, A., Luis, E., Silwal, R., Pan, H.M., Shrestha, P.L., and Bastola, A.K. (2021). 3D\/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA). Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13183101"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6499","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.6499","article-title":"Recent advances in scaffold based electrospun for breast cancer research","volume":"35","author":"Ebrahimbaygi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazarnezhad, S., Gorgani, S., and Kargozar, S. (2025). Cancer diagnosis and therapy by electrospun nanofibers: Opportunities and challenges. Biomaterials for Precision Cancer Medicine, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85661-4.00013-5"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.01000","article-title":"The stroma as a crucial target in rat mammary gland carcinogenesis","volume":"117","author":"Maffini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Q., Betts, C., Pennock, N., Mitchell, E., and Schedin, P. (2017). Mammary Gland Involution Provides a Unique Model to Study the TGF-\u03b2 Cancer Paradox. J. Clin. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6010010"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2017.65","article-title":"Fibroblasts drive an immunosuppressive and growth-promoting microenvironment in breast cancer via secretion of Chitinase 3-like 1","volume":"36","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asano, K., Nelson, C.M., Nandadasa, S., Aramaki-Hattori, N., Lindner, D.J., Alban, T., Inagaki, J., Ohtsuki, T., Oohashi, T., and Apte, S.S. (2017). Stromal Versican Regulates Tumor Growth by Promoting Angiogenesis. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17613-6"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0778-6","article-title":"Cancer-associated adipocytes: Key players in breast cancer progression","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2018.09.004","article-title":"Obesity-Activated Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Promote Breast Cancer Growth and Invasion","volume":"20","author":"Hillers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4161\/org.24279","article-title":"Adipose-derived stromal\/stem cells: A primer","volume":"9","author":"Gimble","year":"2013","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1039\/D0LC00142B","article-title":"Evaluation of intercellular communication between breast cancer cells and adipose-derived stem cells via passive diffusion in a two-layer microfluidic device","volume":"20","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab. A Chip"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamel, K.M., Frazier, T.P., Williams, C., Duplessis, T., Rowan, B.G., Gimble, J.M., and Sanchez, C.G. (2024). Adipose Tissue in Breast Cancer Microphysiological Models to Capture Human Diversity in Preclinical Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052728"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1286","article-title":"Myoepithelial cells: Good fences make good neighbors","volume":"7","author":"Adriance","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2741\/3617","article-title":"Role of myoepithelial cells in breast tumor progression","volume":"15","author":"Pandey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.02.031","article-title":"Focal degeneration of aged or injured myoepithelial cells and the resultant auto-immunoreactions are trigger factors for breast tumor invasion","volume":"69","author":"Man","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.5482","article-title":"Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells Promoting Tumor Invasion and Metastasis: Existing Theories","volume":"4","author":"Man","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr65","article-title":"Metalloproteinases: Role in breast carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis","volume":"2","author":"Duffy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.02.022","article-title":"Accessories to the Crime: Functions of Cells Recruited to the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"21","author":"Hanahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segovia-Mendoza, M., and Morales-Montor, J. (2019). Immune tumor microenvironment in breast cancer and the participation of estrogens and its receptors into cancer physiopathology. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00348"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.02.004","article-title":"Targeting the microenvironment in solid tumors","volume":"65","author":"Belli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1159\/000430499","article-title":"Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer","volume":"82","author":"Soysal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, K., and Naylor, M.J. (2022). Tumour Microenvironment-Immune Cell Interactions Influencing Breast Cancer Heterogeneity and Disease Progression. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.876451"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinsipe, T., Mohamedelhassan, R., Akinpelu, A., Pondugula, S.R., Mistriotis, P., Avila, L.A., and Suryawanshi, A. (2024). Cellular interactions in tumor microenvironment during breast cancer progression: New frontiers and implications for novel therapeutics. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1302587"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2303658","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202303658","article-title":"Engineered Tumor-Immune Microenvironment On-a-Chip to Study T Cell\u2014Macrophage Interaction in Breast Cancer Progression","volume":"13","author":"Manoharan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SM02605J","article-title":"Microextrusion printing cell-laden networks of type I collagen with patterned fiber alignment and geometry","volume":"15","author":"Nerger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.03.019","article-title":"Rapid fabrication of collagen bundles mimicking tumor-associated collagen architectures","volume":"108","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2014.05.006","article-title":"The impact of tumor stroma on drug response in breast cancer","volume":"31","author":"Dittmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garre, E., Gustafsson, A., Leiva, M.C., H\u00e5kansson, J., St\u00e5hlberg, A., Kov\u00e1cs, A., and Landberg, G. (2022). Breast Cancer Patient-Derived Scaffolds Can Expose Unique Individual Cancer Progressing Properties of the Cancer Microenvironment Associated with Clinical Characteristics. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14092172"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240718","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.240718","article-title":"Oxygen, angiogenesis, cancer and immune interplay in breast tumour microenvironment: A computational investigation","volume":"11","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.1096","article-title":"Interaction between VEGF-A and immune checkpoint targets in triple-negative breast cancer and mechanisms of immune evasion and tumor progression","volume":"42","author":"Seager","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04714-2","article-title":"Crosstalk and plasticity driving between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor microenvironment: Significance of breast cancer metastasis","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402757","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202402757","article-title":"Personalized models of breast cancer desmoplasia reveal biomechanical determinants of drug penetration","volume":"11","author":"Offeddu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0226-8","article-title":"Tumor immunoevasion via acidosis-dependent induction of regulatory tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"19","author":"Bohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1478","article-title":"Why do cancers have high aerobic glycolysis?","volume":"4","author":"Gatenby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.08.002","article-title":"Tumor extracellular acidity-activated nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for enhanced cancer therapy","volume":"32","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.03.006","article-title":"Construction of cancer-on-a-chip for drug screening","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1367","article-title":"Exploiting tumour hypoxia in cancer treatment","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-2040(13)60661-1","article-title":"Study on Microenvironment Acidification by Microfluidic Chip with Multilayer-paper Supported Breast Cancer Tissue","volume":"41","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11882","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3592","article-title":"Activation of hypoxia signaling induces phenotypic transformation of glioma cells: Implications for bevacizumab antiangiogenic therapy","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, I., Woo, J.H., Lee, M., Jeon, T.J., and Kim, S.M. (2019). Hypoxic physiological environments in a gas-regulated microfluidic device. Micromachines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi10010016"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1039\/C2LC40661F","article-title":"Construction of oxygen and chemical concentration gradients in a single microfluidic device for studying tumor cell\u2013drug interactions in a dynamic hypoxia microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab. A Chip"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palacio-Casta\u00f1eda, V., Kooijman, L., Venzac, B., Verdurmen, W.P.R., and Le Gac, S. (2020). Metabolic Switching of Tumor Cells under Hypoxic Conditions in a Tumor-on-a-chip Model. Micromachines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi11040382"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Chen, Q., Liu, W., Zhang, J., Wang, S., Lin, Z., and Lin, J.-M. (2015). Oxygen-induced cell migration and on-line monitoring biomarkers modulation of cervical cancers on a microfluidic system. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09643"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5575","article-title":"Bicarbonate increases tumor pH and inhibits spontaneous metastases","volume":"69","author":"Robey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lam, S.F., Bishop, K.W., Mintz, R., Fang, L., and Achilefu, S. (2021). Calcium carbonate nanoparticles stimulate cancer cell reprogramming to suppress tumor growth and invasion in an organ-on-a-chip system. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88687-6"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avci, C.B., Bagca, B.G., Nikanfar, M., Takanlou, L.S., Takanlou, M.S., and Nourazarian, A. (2024). Tumor microenvironment and cancer metastasis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1442888"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"IA013","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.TUMBODY-IA013","article-title":"Abstract IA013: Stromal and immune plasticity shape the metastatic microenvironment","volume":"84","author":"Erez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.12.015","article-title":"Dissecting Effects of Anti-cancer Drugs and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts by On-Chip Reconstitution of Immunocompetent Tumor Microenvironments","volume":"25","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan, S., Smith, A.M., Garson, C.J., Hassani, I., Seeto, W.J., Pant, K., Arnold, R.D., Prabhakarpandian, B., and Lipke, E.A. (2018). A Microvascularized Tumor-mimetic Platform for Assessing Anti-cancer Drug Efficacy. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21075-9"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5152\/tjbh.2015.1669","article-title":"Molecular Classification of Breast Carcinoma: From Traditional, Old-Fashioned Way to A New Age, and A New Way","volume":"11","author":"Eliyatkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Breast Health"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02108-4","article-title":"Breast cancer: Pathogenesis and treatments","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2017.08.005","article-title":"Molecular Subtypes and Local-Regional Control of Breast Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Fragomeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200024","DOI":"10.29289\/25945394202020200024","article-title":"Histological and molecular classification of breast cancer: What do we know?","volume":"30","author":"Otoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mastology"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0432","article-title":"Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies novel subtypes and targets of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"21","author":"Burstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischel, L.L., Beebe, D.J., and Sung, K.E. (2015). Microfluidic model of ductal carcinoma in situ with 3D, organotypic structure. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1007-5"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.10.046","article-title":"Organotypic microfluidic breast cancer model reveals starvation-induced spatial-temporal metabolic adaptations","volume":"37","author":"Ayuso","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1039\/C5LC00514K","article-title":"A microengineered pathophysiological model of early-stage breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab. A Chip"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nashimoto, Y., Okada, R., Hanada, S., Arima, Y., Nishiyama, K., Miura, T., and Yokokawa, R. (2020). Vascularized cancer on a chip: The effect of perfusion on growth and drug delivery of tumor spheroid. Biomaterials, 229.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119547"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ib20225a","article-title":"Enabling screening in 3D microenvironments: Probing matrix and stromal effects on the morphology and proliferation of T47D breast carcinoma cells","volume":"5","author":"Sung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-0342","article-title":"An Engineered Tumor-on-a-Chip Device with Breast Cancer\u2013Immune Cell Interactions for Assessing T-cell Recruitment","volume":"80","author":"Aung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1021\/ac403899j","article-title":"Three dimensional microfluidic cell arrays for ex vivo drug screening with mimicked vascular flow","volume":"86","author":"Akaydin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0301-9","article-title":"Low-dose anti-inflammatory combinatorial therapy reduced cancer stem cell formation in patient-derived preclinical models for tumour relapse prevention","volume":"120","author":"Khoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042420-093238","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-022-02239-4","article-title":"Effective targeting of breast cancer stem cells by combined inhibition of Sam68 and Rad51","volume":"41","author":"Turdo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1348","article-title":"RAD51 mediates resistance of cancer stem cells to PARP inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000880","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000880","article-title":"High-Throughput Tumor-on-a-Chip Platform to Study Tumor\u2013Stroma Interactions and Drug Pharmacokinetics","volume":"9","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3687","DOI":"10.1039\/C8LC00596F","article-title":"Tumor-on-a-chip platform to investigate progression and drug sensitivity in cell lines and patient-derived organoids","volume":"18","author":"Shirure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab. A Chip"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devadas, D., Moore, T.A., Walji, N., and Young, E.W.K. (2019). A microfluidic mammary gland coculture model using parallel 3D lumens for studying epithelial-endothelial migration in breast cancer. Biomicrofluidics, 13.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5123912"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2020.0239","article-title":"An Organotypic Mammary Duct Model Capturing Matrix Mechanics-Dependent Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Progression","volume":"27","author":"Kulwatno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part. A"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2007.04.020","article-title":"Autologous Chemotaxis as a Mechanism of Tumor Cell Homing to Lymphatics via Interstitial Flow and Autocrine CCR7 Signaling","volume":"11","author":"Shields","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.L., Ma, Y., Wu, C., Shiau, C., Segall, J.E., and Wu, M. (2020). Tumor spheroids under perfusion within a 3D microfluidic platform reveal critical roles of cell-cell adhesion in tumor invasion. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66528-2"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, H.-R., Ospina-Mu\u00f1oz, N., Noe-Kim, V., Yang, Y., Elzey, B.D., Konieczny, S.F., Han, B., and Choi, J. (2020). Subtype-specific characterization of breast cancer invasion using a microfluidic tumor platform. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234012"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imparato, G., Urciuolo, F., and Netti, P.A. (2022). Organ on Chip Technology to Model Cancer Growth and Metastasis. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9010028"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2023.10.001","article-title":"Cancer-on-chip models for metastasis: Importance of the tumor microenvironment","volume":"42","author":"Jouybar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18812","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018812","article-title":"Gastric and adrenal metastasis from breast cancer: Case report and review of literature","volume":"99","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2023.101749","article-title":"Organotropism of breast cancer metastasis: A comprehensive approach to the shared gene network","volume":"30","author":"Moradi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gene Rep."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigdel, I., Gupta, N., Faizee, F., Khare, V.M., Tiwari, A.K., and Tang, Y. (2021). Biomimetic Microfluidic Platforms for the Assessment of Breast Cancer Metastasis. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.633671"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)49915-0","article-title":"The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast","volume":"133","author":"Paget","year":"1889","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"936","article-title":"Role of transcription factors in metastasis of breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Marada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Explor."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-0479","article-title":"Breast Cancer Subtype\u2013Specific Organotropism Is Dictated by FOXF2-Regulated Metastatic Dormancy and Recovery","volume":"85","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-023-00810-6","article-title":"SCUBE2 mediates bone metastasis of luminal breast cancer by modulating immune-suppressive osteoblastic niches","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2025.01046","article-title":"Advances in research on receptor heterogeneity in breast cancer liver metastasis","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-021-10080-4","article-title":"Breast cancer liver metastasis: Current and future treatment approaches","volume":"38","author":"Rashid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43731","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6192","article-title":"Mutational profiling of brain metastasis from breast cancer: Matched pair analysis of targeted sequencing between brain metastasis and primary breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02905-5","article-title":"Mechanisms of organotropism in breast cancer and predicting metastasis to distant organs using deep learning","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"763","article-title":"Fluid shear stress and tumor metastasis","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, R., Emery, T., Zhang, Y., Xia, Y., Sun, J., and Wan, J. (2016). Circulatory shear flow alters the viability and proliferation of circulating colon cancer cells. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27073"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0329","article-title":"The initial hours of metastasis: The importance of cooperative host-tumor cell interactions during hematogenous dissemination","volume":"2","author":"Labelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14122","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14122","article-title":"Fluid shear stress activates YAP1 to promote cancer cell motility","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toh, Y.C., Raja, A., Yu, H., and Van Noort, D. (2018). A 3D microfluidic model to recapitulate cancer cell migration and invasion. Bioengineering, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering5020029"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, H.Y., Choi, J.H., Kim, K.J., Shin, M., and Choi, J.W. (2021). Microfluidic System to Analyze the Effects of Interleukin 6 on Lymphatic Breast Cancer Metastasis. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.611802"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"German, S.V., Abalymov, A.A., Kurochkin, M.A., Kan, Y., Gorin, D.A., and Novoselova, M.V. (2023). Plug-and-Play Lymph Node-on-Chip: Secondary Tumor Modeling by the Combination of Cell Spheroid, Collagen Sponge and T-Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043183"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900925","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900925","article-title":"Human Tumor-Lymphatic Microfluidic Model Reveals Differential Conditioning of Lymphatic Vessels by Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"9","author":"Ayuso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702787","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201702787","article-title":"A Spontaneous 3D Bone-On-a-Chip for Bone Metastasis Study of Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"14","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1714282115","article-title":"Human bone perivascular niche-on-a-chip for studying metastatic colonization","volume":"115","author":"Nava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crippa, M., Tal\u00f2, G., Lamouline, A., Bolis, S., Arrigoni, C., Bersini, S., and Moretti, M. (2022). A microfluidic model of human vascularized breast cancer metastasis to bone for the study of neutrophil-cancer cell interactions. Mater. Today Bio, 17.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100460"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.050","article-title":"A microfluidic 3D in vitro model for specificity of breast cancer metastasis to bone","volume":"35","author":"Bersini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, F., Sousa, D.M., Loessberg-Zahl, J., Vollertsen, A.R., Neto, E., S\u00f8e, K., Paredes, J., Leferink, A., and Lamghari, M. (2022). A metastasis-on-a-chip approach to explore the sympathetic modulation of breast cancer bone metastasis. Mater. Today Bio, 13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100219"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terceiro, L.E.L., Ikeogu, N.M., Lima, M.F., Edechi, C.A., Nickel, B.E., Fischer, G., Leygue, E., McManus, K.J., and Myal, Y. (2023). Navigating the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier: Challenges and Therapeutic Strategies in Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512034"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Li, Z., Yu, Y., Sizdahkhani, S., Ho, W.S., Yin, F., Wang, L., Zhu, G., Zhang, M., and Jiang, L. (2016). A dynamic in vivo-like organotypic blood-brain barrier model to probe metastatic brain tumors. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36670"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TWesterhof, T.M., Yang, B.A., Merrill, N.M., Yates, J.A., Altemus, M., Russell, L., Miller, A.J., Bao, L., Wu, Z., and Ulintz, P.J. (2023). Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Remodeling in an Organ-on-a-Chip Device Showing Dkk1 to be a Regulator of Early Metastasis. Adv. NanoBiomed Res., 3.","DOI":"10.1002\/anbr.202200036"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-021-00102-7","article-title":"Brain organoid-on-chip system to study the effects of breast cancer derived exosomes on the neurodevelopment of brain","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Regen."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Zhu, Y., Liu, X., Liao, X., He, J., and Niu, L. (2019). The Clinicopathological features and survival outcomes of patients with different metastatic sites in stage IV breast cancer. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6311-z"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15756","article-title":"Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis","volume":"527","author":"Hoshino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2025.102303","article-title":"Studying breast cancer lung metastasis using a multi-compartment microfluidic device with a mimetic tumor-stroma interaction model","volume":"53","author":"Zarin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78421","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9382","article-title":"A novel microfluidic model can mimic organ-specific metastasis of circulating tumor cells","volume":"7","author":"Kong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14971","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04778","article-title":"Three-dimensional human liver-chip emulating premetastatic niche formation by breast cancer-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, H., Pang, J., Qin, K., Yuan, W., Kong, J., Ma, H., He, J., Yang, X., Luo, Y., and Lu, Y. (2020). A Novel Tissue-Based Liver\u2013Kidney-on-a-Chip Can Mimic Liver Tropism of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Breast Cancer Cells. Biotechnol. J., 15.","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201900107"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.86921","article-title":"Detection of lineage-reprogramming efficiency of tumor cells in a 3D-printed liver-on-a-chip model","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2020.1816828","article-title":"Clinical relevance of liquid biopsy in breast cancer: Update in 2020","volume":"20","author":"Cayrefourcq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01351-y","article-title":"Liquid biopsy: Current technology and clinical applications","volume":"15","author":"Nikanjam","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, S., Deng, Y., Wang, Z., Zhu, J., Huang, C., Du, L., Wang, C., Yu, X., Liu, W., and Yang, C. (2023). Development and clinical validation of a microfluidic-based platform for CTC enrichment and downstream molecular analysis. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1238332"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, S., and Zaheer, S. (2025). The impact of liquid biopsy in breast cancer: Redefining the landscape of non-invasive precision oncology. J. Liq. Biopsy, 8.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlb.2025.100299"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.202300108","article-title":"Microfluidic isolation of breast cancer circulating tumor cells from microvolumes of mouse blood","volume":"44","author":"Macaraniag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdulla, A., Zhang, Z., Ahmad, K.Z., Warden, A.R., Li, H., and Ding, X. (2022). Rapid and efficient capturing of circulating tumor cells from breast cancer Patient\u2019s whole blood via the antibody functionalized microfluidic (AFM) chip. Biosens. Bioelectron., 201.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.113965"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24677","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8250","article-title":"Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition leads to loss of EpCAM and different physical properties in circulating tumor cells from metastatic breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Hyun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1039\/C3LC51039E","article-title":"Isolation of breast cancer and gastric cancer circulating tumor cells by use of an anti HER2-based microfluidic device","volume":"14","author":"Galletti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab. Chip"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1039\/C9LC00274J","article-title":"Liquid biopsy using the nanotube-CTC-chip: Capture of invasive CTCs with high purity using preferential adherence in breast cancer patients","volume":"19","author":"Loeian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab. A Chip"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2020.100959","article-title":"A label-free microfluidic chip for the highly selective isolation of single and cluster CTCs from breast cancer patients","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21745","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c01287","article-title":"Immunomagnetic Isolation of HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Cells Using a Microfluidic Device","volume":"8","author":"Parvin","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gwak, H., Park, S., Kim, J., Lee, J.D., Kim, I.-S., Kim, S.-I., Hyun, K.-A., and Jung, H.-I. (2021). Microfluidic chip for rapid and selective isolation of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles for early diagnosis and metastatic risk evaluation of breast cancer. Biosens. Bioelectron., 192.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113495"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Gao, W., Sun, M., Feng, B., Shen, H., Zhu, J., Chen, X., and Yu, S. (2023). A filter-electrochemical microfluidic chip for multiple surface protein analysis of exosomes to detect and classify breast cancer. Biosens. Bioelectron., 239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2023.115590"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, J., Kang, B., Son, H.Y., Mun, B., Huh, Y.-M., Rho, H.W., Kang, T., Moon, J., Lee, J.-J., and Seo, S.B. (2022). Microfluidic device for one-step detection of breast cancer-derived exosomal mRNA in blood using signal-amplifiable 3D nanostructure. Biosens. Bioelectron., 197.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113753"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mun, B., Jeong, H., Kim, R., Gu, B., Kim, J., Son, H.Y., Rho, H.W., Lim, E.-K., and Haam, S. (2024). 3D-Nanostructured microfluidic device arranged in a herringbone pattern for the highly effective capture of HER2-Positive cancer-derived exosomes in urine. Chem. Eng. J., 482.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.148851"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.06.001","article-title":"Progress, obstacles, and limitations in the use of stem cells in organ-on-a-chip models","volume":"140","author":"Wnorowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27855","article-title":"On-chip determination of tissue-specific metastatic potential of breast cancer cells","volume":"118","author":"Tahmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.04.018","article-title":"Breast cancer-on-chip for patient-specific efficacy and safety testing of CAR-T cells","volume":"31","author":"Maulana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tajeddin, A., and Mustafaoglu, N. (2021). Design and fabrication of organ-on-chips: Promises and challenges. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12121443"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2024.105705","article-title":"The new paradigm in animal testing\u2014\u20183Rs alternatives\u2019","volume":"153","author":"Poh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/19\/3160\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T08:33:49Z","timestamp":1759221229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/19\/3160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":206,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17193160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17193160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6694"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]}}}