{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T03:43:11Z","timestamp":1793763791061,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>CD19 directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is standard of care for relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma. CAR T-cell persistence and activity are associated with outcomes for patients with relapsed B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), but the association between expansion kinetics and outcome is less clear in the setting of large B-cell lymphoma. CAR T-cell expansion and persistence have been measured in both clinical trials and real-world settings, but the clinical relevance and applicability of these measurements remain unclear. There is increasing evidence that the in vivo kinetics of CAR T-cells post-infusion do offer important predictive insights into patient outcomes; despite this, limitations remain given the heterogeneity in methodology and timing of measurement. This review will summarise methodologies utilised to measure CD19 directed CAR T-cell expansion and persistence in vivo, in addition to the clinical implications of these measurements as currently described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17193167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T12:59:46Z","timestamp":1759150786000},"page":"3167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Current Insights of Post-Infusion CAR T Expansion and Persistence for Large B-Cell Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Wolyncewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Wayte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Abadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512073332305","article-title":"Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation as Compared with Salvage Chemotherapy in Relapses of Chemotherapy-Sensitive Non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"333","author":"Philip","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.1618","article-title":"Salvage Regimens With Autologous Transplantation for Relapsed Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the Rituximab Era","volume":"28","author":"Gisselbrecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-03-769620","article-title":"Outcomes in refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Results from the international SCHOLAR-1 study","volume":"130","author":"Crump","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00530-z","article-title":"A comparison of chimeric antigen receptors containing CD28 versus 4-1BB costimulatory domains","volume":"18","author":"Cappell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023020854","article-title":"Two-year follow-up of lisocabtagene maraleucel in relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma in TRANSCEND NHL 001","volume":"143","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2301665","article-title":"Survival with Axicabtagene Ciloleucel in Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"389","author":"Westin","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-115252","article-title":"Sustained Disease Control for Adult Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: An Updated Analysis of Juliet, a Global Pivotal Phase 2 Trial of Tisagenlecleucel","volume":"132","author":"Schuster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707447","article-title":"Axicabtagene Ciloleucel CAR T-Cell Therapy in Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"377","author":"Neelapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804980","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel in Adult Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"380","author":"Schuster","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31366-0","article-title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): A multicentre seamless design study","volume":"396","author":"Abramson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116133","article-title":"Axicabtagene Ciloleucel as Second-Line Therapy for Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"386","author":"Locke","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2116596","article-title":"Second-Line Tisagenlecleucel or Standard Care in Aggressive B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"386","author":"Bishop","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022018730","article-title":"Lisocabtagene maraleucel as second-line therapy for large B-cell lymphoma: Primary analysis of the phase 3 TRANSFORM study","volume":"141","author":"Abramson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2307","article-title":"5-Year Follow-Up Supports Curative Potential of Axicabtagene Ciloleucel in Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma (ZUMA-1)","volume":"141","author":"Neelapu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022015789","article-title":"CAR T cells as a second-line therapy for large B-cell lymphoma: A paradigm shift?","volume":"139","author":"Westin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2025.01.001","article-title":"Reduced Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Expansion Postinfusion Is Associated with Poor Survival in Patients with Large B Cell Lymphoma after Two or More Therapies","volume":"31","author":"Abadir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6844","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010364","article-title":"Early quantification of anti-CD19 CAR T cells by flow cytometry predicts response in R\/R DLBCL","volume":"7","author":"Blumenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., and Huang, J. (2020). The Chimeric Antigen Receptor Detection Toolkit. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01770"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2021.02.002","article-title":"CAR-T cell therapy: Practical guide to routine laboratory monitoring","volume":"53","author":"Selim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peinelt, A., Bremm, M., Kreyenberg, H., Cappel, C., Banisharif-Dehkordi, J., Erben, S., Rettinger, E., Jarisch, A., Meisel, R., and Schlegel, P.-G. (2022). Monitoring of Circulating CAR T Cells: Validation of a Flow Cytometric Assay, Cellular Kinetics, and Phenotype Analysis Following Tisagenlecleucel. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.830773"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badbaran, A., Berger, C., Riecken, K., Kruchen, A., Geffken, M., M\u00fcller, I., Kr\u00f6ger, N., Ayuk, F.A., and Fehse, B. (2020). Accurate In-Vivo Quantification of CD19 CAR-T Cells after Treatment with Axicabtagene Ciloleucel (Axi-Cel) and Tisagenlecleucel (Tisa-Cel) Using Digital PCR. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071970"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3314","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024012637","article-title":"CAR19 monitoring by peripheral blood immunophenotyping reveals histology-specific expansion and toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Hamilton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2019.12.018","article-title":"Digital PCR Assays for Precise Quantification of CD19-CAR-T Cells after Treatment with Axicabtagene Ciloleucel","volume":"16","author":"Fehse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.\u2014Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020003959","article-title":"Axicabtagene ciloleucel in vivo expansion and treatment outcome in aggressive B-cell lymphoma in a real-world setting","volume":"5","author":"Ayuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2017.11.028","article-title":"Establishment of a Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Monitoring Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Peripheral Blood","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.02.003","article-title":"Optimized Assessment of qPCR-Based Vector Copy Numbers as a Safety Parameter for GMP-Grade CAR T Cells and Monitoring of Frequency in Patients","volume":"17","author":"Kunz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.\u2014Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6175","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0758","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacology of Tisagenlecleucel in B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"24","author":"Mueller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-06-786129","article-title":"Cellular kinetics of CTL019 in relapsed\/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"130","author":"Mueller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Digital PCR Improves Sensitivity and Quantification in Monitoring CAR-T Cells in B Cell Lymphoma Patients","volume":"30","author":"Carbonell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24676","article-title":"Monitoring anti--CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell population by flow cytometry and its consistency with digital droplet polymerase chain reaction","volume":"103","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Fang, C., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Chen, R., Lei, T., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Deciphering and advancing CAR T-cell therapy with single-cell sequencing technologies. Mol. Cancer, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01783-1"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldberg, L., Haas, E.R., Vyas, V., Urak, R., Forman, S.J., and Wang, X. (2022). Single-cell analysis by mass cytometry reveals CD19 CAR T cell spatiotemporal plasticity in patients. OncoImmunology, 11.","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2040772"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00375-2","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcomes of tisagenlecleucel in patients with relapsed or refractory aggressive B-cell lymphomas (JULIET): A multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study","volume":"22","author":"Schuster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wittibschlager, V., Bacher, U., Seipel, K., Porret, N., Wiedemann, G., Haslebacher, C., Hoffmann, M., Daskalakis, M., Akhoundova, D., and Pabst, T. (2023). CAR T-Cell Persistence Correlates with Improved Outcome in Patients with B-Cell Lymphoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065688"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000525","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel cellular kinetics, dose, and immunogenicity in relation to clinical factors in relapsed\/refractory DLBCL","volume":"4","author":"Awasthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407222","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Sustained Remissions in Leukemia","volume":"371","author":"Maude","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Awasthi, R. (2017). Clinical Pharmacology of CTL019 in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory (r\/r) Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). Blood, 130."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4898","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002394","article-title":"Tumor burden, inflammation, and product attributes determine outcomes of axicabtagene ciloleucel in large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Locke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-25-00399","article-title":"Lisocabtagene Maraleucel Versus Standard of Care for Second-Line Relapsed\/Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma: 3-Year Follow-Up From the Randomized, Phase III TRANSFORM Study","volume":"43","author":"Kamdar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21941","article-title":"Monitoring CAR T--cells using flow cytometry","volume":"100","author":"Demaret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.00377","article-title":"Monitoring of Circulating Tumor DNA Improves Early Relapse Detection After Axicabtagene Ciloleucel Infusion in Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Results of a Prospective Multi-Institutional Trial","volume":"39","author":"Frank","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021006415","article-title":"Risk profiling of patients with relapsed\/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by measuring circulating tumor DNA","volume":"6","author":"Herrera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2025.05.003","article-title":"Minimal Residual Disease Testing for Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma","volume":"25","author":"Atout","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01959-0","article-title":"Distinct cellular dynamics associated with response to CAR-T therapy for refractory B cell lymphoma","volume":"28","author":"Haradhvala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4608","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022009426","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA adds specificity to PET after axicabtagene ciloleucel in large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Dean","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2025.05.005","article-title":"CD8 and CD4 CAR-T cells are associated with outcome and toxicity of tisagenlecleucel in central nervous system lymphoma","volume":"27","author":"Samara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, G., Hu, Y., Pan, T., Tang, E., Asby, N., Althaus, T., Wan, J., Riedell, P.A., Bishop, M.R., and Kline, J.P. (2025). Two-Stage CD8+ CAR T-Cell Differentiation in Patients with Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Nat. Commun., 16.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59298-w"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2025.101635","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment in CAR-T cell therapy for lymphoma","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-01-552174","article-title":"Closely related T-memory stem cells correlate with in vivo expansion of CAR.CD19-T cells and are preserved by IL-7 and IL-15","volume":"123","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024013146","article-title":"CAR T-cell expansion: Harmful or helpful?","volume":"8","author":"Lionel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00754-1","article-title":"Long-term outcomes following CAR T cell therapy: What we know so far","volume":"20","author":"Cappell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-023-02016-1","article-title":"CD4+ CAR T-cell expansion is associated with response and therapy related toxicities in patients with B-cell lymphomas","volume":"58","author":"Baur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2023.04.003","article-title":"Durable remission related to CAR-T persistence in R\/R B-ALL and long-term persistence potential of prime CAR-T","volume":"29","author":"Shiqi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.\u2014Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.14166","article-title":"Current development of chimeric antigen receptor T--cell therapy for diffuse large B--cell lymphoma and high--grade B--cell lymphoma","volume":"112","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2015.213","article-title":"Outcome of patients with relapsed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma who fail second-line salvage regimens in the International CORAL study","volume":"51","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006596","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006596","article-title":"CAR T-cell detection scoping review: An essential biomarker in critical need of standardization","volume":"11","author":"Turicek","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21880","article-title":"New directions in chimeric antigen receptor T cell [CAR--T] therapy and related flow cytometry","volume":"98","author":"Maryamchik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-29","article-title":"Protein L: A novel reagent for the detection of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) expression by flow cytometry","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.12.005","article-title":"Determinants of resistance to engineered T cell therapies targeting CD19 in large B cell lymphomas","volume":"41","author":"Sworder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01960-7","article-title":"Post-infusion CAR TReg cells identify patients resistant to CD19-CAR therapy","volume":"28","author":"Good","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1709866","article-title":"Tisagenlecleucel in Children and Young Adults with B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"378","author":"Maude","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-132057","article-title":"Detectable Circulating Tumor DNA 28 Days after the CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy, Axicabtagene Ciloleucel, Is Associated with Poor Outcomes in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Frank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.78.5246","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA Measurements As Early Outcome Predictors in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"36","author":"Kurtz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schanda, N., Sauer, T., Kunz, A., H\u00fcckelhoven-Krauss, A., Neuber, B., Wang, L., Hinkelbein, M., Sedloev, D., He, B., and Schubert, M.-L. (2021). Sensitivity and Specificity of CD19.CAR-T Cell Detection by Flow Cytometry and PCR. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113208"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Calder\u00f3n, C.B., Sierro-Mart\u00ednez, B., Garc\u00eda-Guerrero, E., Sanoja-Flores, L., Mu\u00f1oz-Garc\u00eda, R., Ruiz-Maldonado, V., Jimenez-Leon, M.R., Delgado-Serrano, J., Molinos-Quintana, \u00c1., and Guijarro-Albaladejo, B. (2023). Monitoring of kinetics and exhaustion markers of circulating CAR-T cells as early predictive factors in patients with B-cell malignancies. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1152498"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/19\/3167\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T13:14:38Z","timestamp":1759151678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/19\/3167"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17193167"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17193167","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]}}}