{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:25:42Z","timestamp":1780345542926,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health NIH\u2014National Research Institute","award":["NIZP PZH-PIB\/2021\/1094\/1056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIZP PZH-PIB\/2021\/1094\/1056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Prostate cancer is the second most common malignant cancer among men, and according to the predictions, the estimated number of new cases will substantially grow in the coming years. Therefore, the costs of the disease will increase as well. Methods: We conducted a literature review of the state of knowledge about the costs of treatment and the economic burden of prostate cancer. The vast majority of studies were focused on direct costs only, which clearly shows the literature gap. Results: We focused on the estimates of direct costs, i.e., treatment of prostate cancer, adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment, and supportive and palliative care, and indirect costs. Cost-effectiveness analyses indicated that docetaxel combined with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was the most cost-effective strategy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER): USD 13,647). In contrast, novel therapies such as PARP inhibitors and whole-genome-sequencing-guided treatments were not cost-effective unless drug prices were reduced by 47\u201370%. In the United States, 5-year cumulative treatment costs ranged from USD 48,000 for conservative management to over USD 91,000 for radiotherapy, while out-of-pocket expenses averaged AUD 1172 in Australia. Indirect costs were also considerable, with Slovakia reporting an increase in sick leave costs from EUR 1.2 million in 2014 to EUR 2.1 million in 2022. Conclusions: Metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer were the most frequent categories for various treatment cost evaluations. A few specific combinations of drugs were cost-effective only under the condition of dropping the unit prices of a medication. Further summarizing, reviewing, and developing a methodology for standardized comparisons are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17193257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T12:04:52Z","timestamp":1759925092000},"page":"3257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Direct and Indirect Costs of Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Assessment of Economic and Social Impact"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Izabela","family":"G\u0105ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Institute, Jan Grodek State University in Sanok, 38-500 Sanok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6189-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Czerw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Economics and Insurance, Center for the Humanities and Social Sciences of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-581 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Economic and System Analyses, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Pajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Economics and Insurance, Center for the Humanities and Social Sciences of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-581 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Economic and System Analyses, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6359-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Partyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Economics and Insurance, Center for the Humanities and Social Sciences of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-581 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Economic and System Analyses, National Institute of Public Health NIH-National Research Institute, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-2043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Depta\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology Propaedeutics, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Badowska-Kozakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology Propaedeutics, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Czerw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Organization of Cancer Cell Biology, Department of Oncology Propaedeutics, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"M\u0119kal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology Propaedeutics, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7173-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Sygit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Kalisz, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3926-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Wojty\u0142a-Blicharska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Kalisz, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5472-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Drobnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-141 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Pobrotyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulsantis Specialist and Rehabilitation Clinic Ltd., 53-238 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6648-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Wa\u015bko-Czopnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Subunit, Provincial Specialist Hospital J. Gromkowskiego, 51-149 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Non-Surgical Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4641-0488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Wiatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Marczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collegium of Management, WSB University in Warsaw, 03-204 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8402-2236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Czapla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Faculty of Management, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Bandurska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Competence Development, Integrated Care and e-Health, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1496-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Cie\u0107ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Competence Development, Integrated Care and e-Health, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3679-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Grochans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6912-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Cybulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Schneider-Matyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2200-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Rachubi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-5341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigiusz","family":"Kozlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Logistics in Healthcare, Medical University of Lodz, 90-131 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2025, June 20). 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