{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:09:43Z","timestamp":1789841383378,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011719","name":"The Bone Cancer Research Trust PhD studentship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCRT\/6118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCRT\/6118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011719","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Transatlantic Development and Skills Enhancement Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR304246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR304246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000299","name":"Ovarian Cancer Action","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Ewing\u2019s Sarcoma Research Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011719","name":"The Bone Cancer Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011719","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"FP7 grant \u201cEURO EWING Consortium\u201d","award":["602856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["602856"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009756","name":"Sarcoma UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUK.10.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUK.10.2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031022","name":"Center for Cancer Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031022","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a rare cancer of the bone and soft tissue, most prevalent in children and young adults. The treatment of EWS has progressed relatively little in over 30 years. Survival rates for patients, particularly those with metastatic and\/or relapsed disease remain poor, highlighting the urgent need for innovative treatment options. Methods: Here, we have explored the therapeutic potential of the oncolytic Maraba virus strain MG1 using various in vitro models of EWS, including established cell lines, doxorubicin-resistant derivatives, spheroid cultures and primary patient-derived Ewing sarcoma cell cultures. We examined the direct oncolytic activity of MG1 and its ability to stimulate the immune-mediated killing of EWS by human healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: We show that MG1 undergoes productive replication and exerts direct oncolysis of established EWS cell lines, doxorubicin-resistant EWS cell lines and patient-derived Ewing sarcoma cell cultures more recently established from tumours. In contrast, primary mesenchymal stem cells (the likely cell of origin of EWS) were resistant to MG1, with IFN-I being a major determinant of tumour cell selectivity. MG1-treated PBMC produced IFN-I and killed EWS cells in vitro, in a natural killer (NK) cell-dependent manner. Conclusions: The ability of MG1 to kill EWS cells directly and stimulate NK cell cytotoxicity against this tumour suggests that MG1 may provide therapeutic benefit for EWS patients where the efficacy of conventional treatments is currently limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17203319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T06:06:32Z","timestamp":1760508392000},"page":"3319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oncolytic Maraba Virus MG1 Mediates Direct and Natural Killer Cell-Dependent Lysis of Ewing Sarcoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5291-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Barr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria A.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Roundhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4966-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard T.","family":"Baugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa","family":"Yamrali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9860-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather E.","family":"Owston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7715-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"McGonagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5205-7696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter V.","family":"Giannoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0001-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha J.","family":"Caplen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5858-0488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1034-3723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan A.","family":"Burchill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Errington-Mais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham P.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Diffuse Endothelioma of Bone","volume":"21","author":"Ewing","year":"1921","journal-title":"N. 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