{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:24:57Z","timestamp":1793139897380,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21ES034142-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21ES034142-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several major cancer types exhibit significant sex dimorphism in incidence and survival. Whether and how sex as a biological factor impacts tumorigenesis, progression, and survival warrants full investigation, as such knowledge may lead to novel, precise prevention and treatment strategies. We reviewed epidemiological and molecular data on sex differences in cancers of the esophagus, bladder, head and neck, lung, liver, kidney, stomach, and skin melanoma, as well as the potential role of androgens and androgen receptor (AR) activity in these cancers. The potential molecular mechanisms are briefly discussed. Elevated testosterone (T) levels seemed to be associated with increased liver cancer and cutaneous melanoma incidences, and with reduced esophageal cancer risk. AR activity does not always correlate with T levels in tumorigenesis and progression. Higher AR expressions are associated with poorer survival in ESCC, whereas the role of AR in the survival of HNSCC and melanoma patients is inconsistent. The molecular impact of AR in liver cancer, kidney cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer is controversial. However, AR is likely to promote tumor growth and\/or progression in esophagus, bladder, head and neck, and stomach cancers, and thus is associated with poor survival. Patients diagnosed with a tumor in this latter group could potentially benefit from therapeutic approaches targeting AR. Overall, the research on sex hormone androgens and AR in these cancers is limited. Further research is needed to determine a possible U-shaped relationship of T with cancer risk, and to decipher the role of testosterone and AR in some of these tumors to facilitate our understanding of sex dimorphism and to explore novel T\/AR-based treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17213414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:35:11Z","timestamp":1761269711000},"page":"3414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Testosterone and Androgen Receptor in Cancers with Significant Sex Dimorphism in Incidence Rates and Survival"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4556-735X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjian","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tripill Biotechnolgy, Corp., Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3615-6019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingwen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3803-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay","family":"Fowke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3963-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Liu-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4603","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0137","article-title":"Sex hormones and anticancer immunity","volume":"25","author":"Dotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53734-z","article-title":"Canonical androgen response element motifs are tumor suppressive regulatory elements in the prostate","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230398","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-23-0398","article-title":"RISING STARS: Androgens and immune cell function","volume":"261","author":"Ainslie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.05.012","article-title":"Androgen receptor-mediated CD8+ T cell stemness programs drive sex differences in antitumor immunity","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.245969","article-title":"Serum Total Testosterone Concentrations in the US Household Population from the NHANES 2011\u20132012 Study Population","volume":"61","author":"Vesper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.03.001","article-title":"CHD1 Loss Alters AR Binding at Lineage-Specific Enhancers and Modulates Distinct Transcriptional Programs to Drive Prostate Tumorigenesis","volume":"35","author":"Augello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.70125","article-title":"The Role of Serum Testosterone in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Review Based on the Clinical Evidence","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3648","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-2799","article-title":"Serum sex steroids depict a nonlinear u-shaped association with high-risk prostate cancer at radical prostatectomy","volume":"18","author":"Salonia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alemany, M. (2022). The Roles of Androgens in Humans: Biology, Metabolic Regulation and Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911952"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125755","article-title":"Impact of estrogens in males and androgens in females","volume":"129","author":"Hammes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.08.008","article-title":"Age-related changes in sexual function and steroid-hormone receptors in the medial preoptic area of male rats","volume":"96","author":"Nutsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329002700603","article-title":"Sex hormone binding globulin: Origin, function and clinical significance","volume":"27","author":"Selby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"264","article-title":"Androgen receptor locus on the human X chromosome: Regional localization to Xq11-12 and description of a DNA polymorphism","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Human Genet."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2014.18","article-title":"Androgen receptor: Structure, role in prostate cancer and drug discovery","volume":"36","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90199-X","article-title":"The nuclear receptor superfamily: The second decade","volume":"83","author":"Mangelsdorf","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-013-9474-0","article-title":"Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer","volume":"33","author":"Culig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899908995889","article-title":"Heat shock proteins as cellular lifeguards","volume":"31","author":"Jaattela","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4214","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00336a060","article-title":"Isolation of steroid receptor binding protein from chicken oviduct and production of monoclonal antibodies","volume":"24","author":"Sullivan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro0650","article-title":"Drug Insight: Testosterone preparations","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saranyutanon, S., Srivastava, S.K., Pai, S., Singh, S., and Singh, A.P. (2019). Therapies Targeted to Androgen Receptor Signaling Axis in Prostate Cancer: Progress, Challenges, and Hope. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010051"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2010.89","article-title":"Androgen receptor signaling and mutations in prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Koochekpour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung, J.K., and Sadar, M.D. (2017). Non-Genomic Actions of the Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. Front. Endocrinol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00002"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.20792","article-title":"What goes on behind closed doors: Physiological versus pharmacological steroid hormone actions","volume":"30","author":"Simons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3","article-title":"Androgen Receptor Structure, Function and Biology: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"37","author":"Davey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-030212-183656","article-title":"The androgen receptor in health and disease","volume":"75","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110577","article-title":"Evolution of the androgen receptor: Perspectives from human health to dancing birds","volume":"499","author":"Schuppe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"17","article-title":"Genetic basis of endocrine disease. 4. The spectrum of mutations in the androgen receptor gene that causes androgen resistance","volume":"76","author":"McPhaul","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22046","article-title":"The androgen receptor gene mutations database: 2012 update","volume":"33","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(95)00090-M","article-title":"Androgen receptor mutations","volume":"53","author":"Brinkmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12167","article-title":"Androgen receptor-related diseases: What do we know?","volume":"4","author":"Shukla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2653","article-title":"The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project","volume":"45","author":"Consortium","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318238353e","article-title":"Expression of androgen receptors in Barrett esophagus","volume":"46","author":"Nordenstedt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartha, A., and Gyorffy, B. (2021). TNMplot.com: A Web Tool for the Comparison of Gene Expression in Normal, Tumor and Metastatic Tissues. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052622"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_95_18","article-title":"The Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Brief Systematic Review","volume":"13","author":"Pundir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Human Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-003-0365-9","article-title":"Androgens and male fertility","volume":"21","author":"Dohle","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-14-0203","article-title":"Androgens and androgen receptor signaling in prostate tumorigenesis","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anestis, A., Zoi, I., Papavassiliou, A.G., and Karamouzis, M.V. (2020). Androgen Receptor in Breast Cancer-Clinical and Preclinical Research Insights. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25020358"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"4.e19","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of bipolar androgen therapy in mCRPC after progression on abiraterone or enzalutamide: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434080-00003","article-title":"Effects of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids in Athletes","volume":"34","author":"Hartgens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, N., Khatib, J., Chiu, C.-Y., Lin, J., Patel, S.T., and Liu-Smith, F. (2023). Tumor Androgen Receptor Protein Level Is Positively Associated with a Better Overall Survival in Melanoma Patients. Genes, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14020345"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04833-8","article-title":"Androgen receptor blockade promotes response to BRAF\/MEK-targeted therapy","volume":"606","author":"Vellano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19980","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25007","article-title":"Androgen receptor: A potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma","volume":"9","author":"Zalcman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00772-w","article-title":"Androgen receptor signalling in non-prostatic malignancies: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"25","author":"Dotto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01168-7","article-title":"The androgen receptor is a tumor suppressor in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer","volume":"27","author":"Hickey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090293","article-title":"Tumor suppressor function of androgen receptor coactivator ARA70alpha in prostate cancer","volume":"176","author":"Ligr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.01.018","article-title":"Decreased tumorigenesis and mortality from bladder cancer in mice lacking urothelial androgen receptor","volume":"182","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-024-00885-9","article-title":"Preclinical models of bladder cancer: BBN and beyond","volume":"21","author":"Matye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.01.028","article-title":"miR-224-5p-enriched exosomes promote tumorigenesis by directly targeting androgen receptor in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-020-00190-9","article-title":"Are we there yet? Understanding androgen receptor signaling in breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Michmerhuizen","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S200718","article-title":"Androgen receptor promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma cell migration by increasing EGFR phosphorylation","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0019","article-title":"Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: A diversity of functions converging on and regulating the AR transcriptional complex","volume":"28","author":"Heemers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-0172","article-title":"Androgen receptor signaling regulates DNA repair in prostate cancers","volume":"3","author":"Polkinghorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20201137","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201137","article-title":"Sustained androgen receptor signaling is a determinant of melanoma cell growth potential and tumorigenesis","volume":"218","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00701-6","article-title":"Androgen receptor increases hematogenous metastasis yet decreases lymphatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, H., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Cao, D., Luo, C., Zhang, Q., Zhang, S., and Jiao, Y. (2024). Age-related testosterone decline: Mechanisms and intervention strategies. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-024-01316-5"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018810390258","article-title":"Testosterone and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Muraleedharan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, J.S., Marshall, H., Smith, I.L., Greenfield, D.M., Swain, J., Best, E., Ashton, J., Brown, J.M., Huddart, R., and Coleman, R.E. (2019). Testosterone replacement in young male cancer survivors: A 6-month double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002960"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-012-0065-7","article-title":"Hypogonadism in male cancer patients","volume":"3","author":"Burney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2009.09.021","article-title":"Associations among hypogonadism, C-reactive protein, symptom burden, and survival in male cancer patients with cachexia: A preliminary report","volume":"39","author":"Hui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Cheng, D., and Li, P. (2025). Androgen receptor dynamics in prostate cancer: From disease progression to treatment resistance. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1542811"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2022). AR Blockers Augment Other Cancer Treatments. Cancer Discov., 12, OF2.","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-ND2022-0015"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07350-4","article-title":"Role of the androgen receptor in melanoma aggressiveness","volume":"16","author":"Cristiani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.05.054","article-title":"The Global Landscape of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Incidence and Mortality in 2020 and Projections to 2040: New Estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020","volume":"163","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stabellini, N., Chandar, A.K., Chak, A., Barda, A.J., Dmukauskas, M., Waite, K., and Barnholtz-Sloan, J.S. (2022). Sex differences in esophageal cancer overall and by histological subtype. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09193-x"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.21037\/acs.2017.03.03","article-title":"Overview of esophageal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"10","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6146","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i20.6146","article-title":"Androgens and esophageal cancer: What do we know?","volume":"21","author":"Sukocheva","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.04.003","article-title":"Oesophageal adenocarcinoma: The new epidemic in men?","volume":"69","author":"Rutegard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy082","article-title":"Associations Between Prediagnostic Concentrations of Circulating Sex Steroid Hormones and Esophageal\/Gastric Cardia Adenocarcinoma Among Men","volume":"111","author":"Petrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000446","article-title":"Circulating Sex Hormone Levels and Risk of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in a Prospective Study in Men","volume":"115","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-23-0039","article-title":"Circulating Sex Hormone Levels and Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4839","article-title":"Reciprocal androgen receptor\/interleukin-6 crosstalk drives oesophageal carcinoma progression and contributes to patient prognosis","volume":"241","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5859","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3257-x","article-title":"Androgen receptor promotes esophageal cancer cell migration and proliferation via matrix metalloproteinase 2","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00428-y","article-title":"The oncogenomic function of androgen receptor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is directed by GATA3","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, J., Huang, F., Gao, W., Gong, T., Chen, H., and Liu, Z. (2023). Androgen Receptor\/AP-1 Activates UGT2B15 Transcription to Promote Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Invasion. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245719"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-023-00761-y","article-title":"The androgen receptor in bladder cancer","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Chen, J., and Miyamoto, H. (2017). Androgen Receptor Signaling in Bladder Cancer. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9020020"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2964(72)90137-5","article-title":"Specific induction of bladder cancer in mice by butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine and the effects of hormonal modifications on the sex difference in response","volume":"8","author":"Bertram","year":"1972","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer (1965)"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3588","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113960109","article-title":"CD24 expression is important in male urothelial tumorigenesis and metastasis in mice and is androgen regulated","volume":"109","author":"Overdevest","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2018.04.082","article-title":"Bladder Cancer Survival of Men Receiving 5alpha-Reductase Inhibitors","volume":"200","author":"Makela","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djk113","article-title":"Promotion of bladder cancer development and progression by androgen receptor signals","volume":"99","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, A.M., O\u2019Connell, M.J., Miyamoto, H., Huang, J., Yao, J.L., Messing, E.M., and Reeder, J.E. (2008). Androgenic dependence of exophytic tumor growth in a transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer: A role for thrombospondin-1. BMC Urol., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-8-7"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.02.2554","article-title":"Androgen receptor signaling regulates cell growth and vulnerability to doxorubicin in bladder cancer","volume":"188","author":"Shiota","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kettunen, K., Mathlin, J., Lamminen, T., Laiho, A., Hakkinen, M.R., Auriola, S., Elo, L.L., Bostrom, P.J., Poutanen, M., and Taimen, P. (2024). Profiling steroid hormone landscape of bladder cancer reveals depletion of intratumoural androgens to castration levels: A cross-sectional study. EBioMedicine, 108.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105359"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384860","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/384860","article-title":"Involvement of the Androgen and Glucocorticoid Receptors in Bladder Cancer","volume":"2015","author":"McBeth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"423","article-title":"Role of androgen receptor expression in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Sanguedolce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2017.1389","article-title":"Expression and clinical significance of androgen receptor in bladder cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-12-0328","article-title":"Androgen activates \u03b2-catenin signaling in bladder cancer cells","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. -Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-4198","article-title":"Constitutive \u03b2-Catenin Activation Induces Male-Specific Tumorigenesis in the Bladder Urothelium","volume":"73","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.21833","article-title":"Androgen receptor signals regulate UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in the urinary bladder: A potential mechanism of androgen-induced bladder carcinogenesis","volume":"52","author":"Izumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48467","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201948467","article-title":"Androgen receptor-regulated circFNTA activates KRAS signaling to promote bladder cancer invasion","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernardo, C., Monteiro, F.L., Direito, I., Amado, F., Afreixo, V., Santos, L.L., and Helguero, L.A. (2021). Association Between Estrogen Receptors and GATA3 in Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Their Clinicopathological Significance. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.684140"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp-2023-209017","article-title":"Gene of the month: GATA3","volume":"76","author":"Qiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"461","article-title":"GATA3 in the urinary bladder: Suppression of neoplastic transformation and down-regulation by androgens","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.66707","article-title":"Biological roles and clinical significance of estrogen and androgen receptors in head and neck cancers","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalin, M.G., Watson, P.A., Ho, A.L., and Morris, L.G. (2017). Androgen Receptor Signaling in Salivary Gland Cancer. Cancers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9020017"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.13593","article-title":"Androgen Receptor as a Biomarker of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression Risk","volume":"39","author":"Fucic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batelja-Vuletic, L., Tomasovic-Loncaric, C., Ceppi, M., Bruzzone, M., Fucic, A., Krstanac, K., and Boras Vucicevic, V. (2021). Comparison of Androgen Receptor, VEGF, HIF-1, Ki67 and MMP9 Expression between Non-Metastatic and Metastatic Stages in Stromal and Tumor Cells of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11040336"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Yan, G., Li, H., Wang, C., Kang, Y., Wang, S., Liu, W., Lin, L., Zou, R., and Zeng, K. (2025). RBAP48 facilitates the oral squamous cell carcinoma process in an androgen receptor-dependent and independent manners. Commun. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08215-4"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"205","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of androgen receptor in salivary gland cancers","volume":"59","author":"Sygut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pathol. Off. J. Pol. Soc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4684","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4684","article-title":"Head and neck cancer\u2014Part 1: Epidemiology, presentation, and prevention","volume":"341","author":"Mehanna","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barsouk, A., Aluru, S.J., Rawla, P., Saginala, K., and Barsouk, A. (2023). Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Med. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci11020042"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0036","article-title":"Sex Differences in Cancer Incidence and Survival: A Pan-Cancer Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1308\/003588407X205314","article-title":"Outcomes in Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Advanced Neck Disease","volume":"89","author":"Keir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01550-6","article-title":"Head and neck cancer","volume":"398","author":"Mody","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S48956","article-title":"The androgen receptor as an emerging target in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"2","author":"Kanda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820435","article-title":"Androgen and oestrogen receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding liver parenchyma: Impact on intrahepatic recurrence after hepatic resection","volume":"82","author":"Nagasue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.05.046","article-title":"Androgen Receptor Is a New Potential Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"135","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R165","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-13-0283","article-title":"Androgen receptor roles in hepatocellular carcinoma, fatty liver, cirrhosis and hepatitis","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. -Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33555","article-title":"Prospective analyses of testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin with the risk of 19 types of cancer in men and postmenopausal women in UK Biobank","volume":"149","author":"Watts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"394","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4420","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2681","article-title":"ASC-J9 suppresses renal cell carcinoma progression by targeting an androgen receptor-dependent HIF2alpha\/VEGF signaling pathway","volume":"74","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.162750","article-title":"Androgens and hypertension: Role in both males and females?","volume":"57","author":"Reckelhoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20000801)89:3<604::AID-CNCR16>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Prognostic utility of the recently recommended histologic classification and revised TNM staging system of renal cell carcinoma: A swiss experience with 588 tumors","volume":"89","author":"Moch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-01616-1","article-title":"Androgen receptor promotes renal cell carcinoma (RCC) vasculogenic mimicry (VM) via altering TWIST1 nonsense-mediated decay through lncRNA-TANAR","volume":"40","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2016.12.036","article-title":"Androgen receptor (AR) promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) migration and invasion via altering the circHIAT1\/miR-195-5p\/29a-3p\/29c-3p\/CDC42 signals","volume":"394","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000108040.14303.c2","article-title":"Steroid hormone receptor expression in renal cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical analysis of 182 tumors","volume":"171","author":"Langner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510.e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.10.022","article-title":"The expression and evaluation of androgen receptor in human renal cell carcinoma","volume":"83","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-019-00650-z","article-title":"The Association of Androgen Receptor Expression with Renal Cell Carcinoma Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.34430","article-title":"Androgen Receptor Promotes Gastric Carcinogenesis via Upregulating Cell Cycle-Related Kinase Expression","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9821","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S265364","article-title":"Prognostic and Therapeutic Significance of Androgen Receptor in Patients with Gastric Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Yazdanbod","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i12.1187","article-title":"Epidemiology of stomach cancer","volume":"28","author":"Ilic","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-023-00811-2","article-title":"Association between testosterone and cancers risk in women: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.01.023","article-title":"Androgen receptor may be responsible for gender disparity in gastric cancer","volume":"80","author":"Tian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5257","article-title":"Androgen receptor variant 12 promotes migration and invasion by regulating MYLK in gastric cancer","volume":"248","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saginala, K., Barsouk, A., Aluru, S.J., Rawla, P., and Barsouk, A. (2021). Epidemiology of Melanoma. Med. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9040063"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12035","article-title":"A unique gender difference in early onset melanoma implies that in addition to ultraviolet light exposure other causative factors are important","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2014.06.018","article-title":"Sex disparities in melanoma outcomes: The role of biology","volume":"563","author":"Nosrati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)91055-7","article-title":"Malignant melanoma: An androgen-dependent tumour?","volume":"1","author":"Rampen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109579","article-title":"Skin exposure to UVB light induces a skin-brain-gonad axis and sexual behavior","volume":"36","author":"Parikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6093092","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6093092","article-title":"Seasonal Variation of Testosterone Levels in a Large Cohort of Men","volume":"2022","author":"Zornitzki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-018-0336-7","article-title":"Androgen Receptor and Ki67 Expression and Survival Outcomes in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"9","author":"Grant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-024-2891-1","article-title":"Androgen Receptor Promotes Lung Cancer Metastasis by Modifying the miR23a-3p\/EPHB2 Pathway","volume":"44","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LMT34","DOI":"10.2217\/lmt-2020-0013","article-title":"Understanding sex disparities in lung cancer incidence: Are women more at risk?","volume":"9","author":"Ragavan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lung Cancer Manag."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14691","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103523","article-title":"Reproductive and hormonal factors and bladder cancer risk: A prospective study and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0017","article-title":"Lower risk in parous women suggests that hormonal factors are important in bladder cancer etiology","volume":"20","author":"Henderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23986","article-title":"Sex and racial differences in bladder cancer presentation and mortality in the US","volume":"115","author":"Scosyrev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, S., and Zhao, H. (2023). Sexual dimorphism in bladder cancer: A review of etiology, biology, diagnosis, and outcomes. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1326627"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2011.09.011","article-title":"Gender-specific differences in cancer-specific survival after radical cystectomy for patients with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder in pathologic tumor stage T4a","volume":"31","author":"May","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.08.145","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of patients with pT4 urothelial carcinoma at radical cystectomy: A retrospective international study of 583 patients","volume":"183","author":"Tilki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-023-00806-2","article-title":"The sex gap in bladder cancer\u2014A missing link in bladder cancer care?","volume":"21","author":"Toren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30027","article-title":"Mind the gap: What is driving the survival disparity between the sexes in bladder cancer?","volume":"122","author":"Harshman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saginala, K., Barsouk, A., Aluru, J.S., Rawla, P., Padala, S.A., and Barsouk, A. (2020). Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer. Med. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci8010015"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65.e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2014.06.009","article-title":"Bladder cancer risk: Use of the PLCO and NLST to identify a suitable screening cohort","volume":"33","author":"Krabbe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, W., Gao, L., Yuan, Y., Huang, H., Li, Y., Gou, Y., and Hu, Z. (2023). Relationship between testosterone and male bladder cancer. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34646-2"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2025.102334","article-title":"Causal Associations Between the Presence of Prostate Cancer or Testosterone Levels and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"23","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62123","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.11389","article-title":"A novel inflammation-based prognostic score for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: The c-reactive protein\/prognostic nutritional index ratio","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahra, M., Saady, M., and Azzazy, H.M.E. (2025). Molecular mechanisms of sex hormones in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A systematic review. Mol. Biol. Rep., 52.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-11065-2"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.230237","article-title":"Secondary Cancer after Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: A Nationwide Study","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Mens. Health"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-015-0218-1","article-title":"Androgen pathway manipulation and survival in patients with lung cancer","volume":"6","author":"Harlos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82648","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12244","article-title":"Hormonal receptors in lung adenocarcinoma: Expression and difference in outcome by sex","volume":"7","author":"Berardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03783-z","article-title":"Genetically predicted testosterone and cancers risk in men: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1136","article-title":"Hormone factors play a favorable role in female head and neck cancer risk","volume":"6","author":"Hashim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-018-4949-9","article-title":"Expression of hormone receptors in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"275","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.15162","article-title":"Is There a Role for Sex Hormone Receptors in Head-and-neck Cancer? Links with HPV Infection and Prognosis","volume":"41","author":"CP","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conkas, J., Sabol, M., and Ozretic, P. (2023). \u2018Toxic Masculinity\u2019: What Is Known about the Role of Androgen Receptors in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043766"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23828","article-title":"Cigarette smoking augments androgen receptor activity and promotes resistance to antiandrogen therapy","volume":"79","author":"Shiota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2014.01.004","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for active convulsive epilepsy in rural northeast South Africa","volume":"108","author":"Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-18-0577","article-title":"The Role of Alcohol-Induced Golgi Fragmentation for Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Manca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2152\/jmi.70.241","article-title":"Umami taste sensitivity is associated with food intake and oral environment in subjects with diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Kawakami","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Investig. JMI"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1373851","article-title":"Sex-related hormone receptor in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Correlation with androgen estrogen-a and prolactin receptor expression and influence of prognosis","volume":"138","author":"Fei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2020.1055","article-title":"A 10-year review of primary major salivary gland cancers","volume":"14","author":"Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2015.3930","article-title":"A 20-Year Review of 75 Cases of Salivary Duct Carcinoma","volume":"142","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. -Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"597","article-title":"The evolving landscape of salivary gland tumors","volume":"73","author":"Steuer","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0637","article-title":"Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Salivary Duct Carcinoma Reveals Actionable Targets and Similarity to Apocrine Breast Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Dalin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19626","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19626","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis, treatment, and survival analysis of 61 cases of salivary duct carcinoma: A retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdg331","article-title":"A complete remission with androgen-deprivation therapy in a recurrent androgen receptor-expressing adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland","volume":"14","author":"Locati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e473","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.8351","article-title":"Androgen receptor-positive salivary duct carcinoma: A disease entity with promising new treatment options","volume":"29","author":"Jaspers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00229","article-title":"Phase II Study of Enzalutamide for Patients With Androgen Receptor-Positive Salivary Gland Cancers (Alliance A091404)","volume":"40","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.23940","article-title":"Clinical activity of androgen deprivation therapy in patients with metastatic\/relapsed androgen receptor-positive salivary gland cancers","volume":"38","author":"Locati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.340","article-title":"FOXA1: Master of steroid receptor function in cancer","volume":"30","author":"Augello","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32723","article-title":"International trends in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, 1978\u20132012","volume":"147","author":"Petrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.08.021","article-title":"Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040","volume":"77","author":"Rumgay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-020-00554-6","article-title":"Racial and Sex Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the USA","volume":"19","author":"Ajayi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Hepatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt590","article-title":"Plasma testosterone in the general population, cancer prognosis and cancer risk: A prospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Orsted","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01089.x","article-title":"Sex hormone dependency of diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumors in mice and chemoprevention by leuprorelin","volume":"92","author":"Nakatani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Cancer Res. Gann"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery, E.J., Xing, E., Campbell, M.J., Li, P.K., Blachly, J.S., Tsung, A., and Coss, C.C. (2022). Constitutively Active Androgen Receptor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213768"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90463-9","article-title":"Androgen receptors in hepatocellular carcinoma and surrounding parenchyma","volume":"89","author":"Nagasue","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_180","first-page":"e70245","article-title":"Identification of Androgen Receptor as a Molecular Docking Target for Survival and Response to Metformin-Induced Ferroptosis in Liver Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.216037","article-title":"Sex steroid axes in determining male predominance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"555","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.08.043","article-title":"Androgen receptor drives hepatocellular carcinogenesis by activating enhancer of zeste homolog 2-mediated Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61448-z","article-title":"Androgen receptor promotes arachidonic acid metabolism and angiogenic microenvironment in AFP-negative hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110519","article-title":"Androgen receptor-induced molecules and androgen contribute synergistically to male-predominance of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruggieri, A., Gagliardi, M.C., and Anticoli, S. (2018). Sex-Dependent Outcome of Hepatitis B and C Viruses Infections: Synergy of Sex Hormones and Immune Responses?. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02302"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.24.2023","article-title":"Androgen-receptor gene CAG repeats, plasma testosterone levels, and risk of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"92","author":"Yu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.10.002","article-title":"International variations and trends in renal cell carcinoma incidence and mortality","volume":"67","author":"Znaor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.12.046","article-title":"Continued increase in incidence of renal cell carcinoma, especially in young patients and high grade disease: United States 2001 to 2010","volume":"191","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Leppert, J.T., and Peehl, D.M. (2016). A Protective Role for Androgen Receptor in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Based on Mining TCGA Data. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146505"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.11.001","article-title":"Regional geographic variations in kidney cancer incidence rates in European countries","volume":"67","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2017.01.006","article-title":"Variability of Sex Disparities in Cancer Incidence over 30 Years: The Striking Case of Kidney Cancer","volume":"4","author":"Scelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, Z., Li, C., Fan, J., He, D., and Li, L. (2016). Androgen receptor (AR) signaling promotes RCC progression via increased endothelial cell proliferation and recruitment by modulating AKT --> NF-kappaB --> CXCL5 signaling. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37085"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-0246","article-title":"Association of Sex Hormones with Risk of Cancers of the Pancreas, Kidney, and Brain in the UK Biobank Cohort Study","volume":"29","author":"Peila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.12.035","article-title":"Histological Subtype is an Independent Predictor of Outcome for Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"183","author":"Leibovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12950","article-title":"Renal cell cancer histological subtype distribution differs by race and sex","volume":"117","author":"Lipworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, L., Li, Y., Wei, S., Li, X., Dang, Y., Zhang, W., and Zhang, G. (2020). LAMA4 activated by Androgen receptor induces the cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer. Biomed. Pharmacother., 124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109667"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-003-0531-x","article-title":"Androgen receptor (AR) expression is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in gastric cancer","volume":"130","author":"Kominea","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, J., Pan, T., Li, F., Sang, Q., Wu, X., Li, J., Yu, B., Zang, M., Zhu, Z.G., and Su, L. (2023). Androgen receptor promotes cell stemness via interacting with co-factor YAP1 in gastric cancer. Biochem. Pharmacol., 217.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115849"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durovski, D., Jankovic, M., and Prekovic, S. (2023). Insights into Androgen Receptor Action in Lung Cancer. Endocrines, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/endocrines4020022"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"May, L., Shows, K., Nana-Sinkam, P., Li, H., and Landry, J.W. (2023). Sex Differences in Lung Cancer. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15123111"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denos, M., Sun, Y.Q., Brumpton, B.M., Li, Y., Albanes, D., Burnett-Hartman, A., Campbell, P.T., Kury, S., Li, C.I., and White, E. (2024). Sex hormones and risk of lung and colorectal cancers in women: A Mendelian randomization study. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75305-4"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Z., Fu, J., Wang, K., Yang, J., Jiang, X., and Wu, Q. (2025). Causal relationship between hormone levels and lung cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1462531"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000411","article-title":"Dihydrotestosterone and cancer risk","volume":"25","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11183","article-title":"Chromosomal aberrations of primary lung adenocarcinomas in nonsmokers","volume":"97","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19960729)67:3<357::AID-IJC9>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Steroid-hormone receptors in cell lines and tumor biopsies of human lung cancer","volume":"67","author":"Kaiser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.07.004","article-title":"A cross-talk between the androgen receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor leads to p38MAPK-dependent activation of mTOR and cyclinD1 expression in prostate and lung cancer cells","volume":"41","author":"Recchia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01302-4","article-title":"Luteolin inhibits A549 cells proliferation and migration by down-regulating androgen receptors","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3709","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.84577","article-title":"Androgen receptor suppresses lung cancer invasion and increases cisplatin response via decreasing TPD52 expression","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.0160","article-title":"Global Burden of Cutaneous Melanoma in 2020 and Projections to 2040","volume":"158","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santi, D., Spaggiari, G., Granata, A.R.M., Setti, M., Tagliavini, S., Trenti, T., and Simoni, M. (2019). Seasonal Changes of Serum Gonadotropins and Testosterone in Men Revealed by a Large Data Set of Real-World Observations Over Nine Years. Front. Endocrinol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00914"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41231-8","article-title":"Uncovering the complex relationship between balding, testosterone and skin cancers in men","volume":"14","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12213","article-title":"Acute exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation modulates sex steroid hormones and receptor expression in the skin and may contribute to the sex bias of melanoma in a fish model","volume":"27","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000983","article-title":"Causal relationship between sex hormones and cutaneous melanoma: A two-sample Mendelian randomized study","volume":"34","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12336630","article-title":"Human genital melanocytes as androgen target cells","volume":"109","author":"Tadokoro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/00008390-200212000-00002","article-title":"Androgen receptors in human melanoma cell lines IIB-MEL-LES and IIB-MEL-IAN and in human melanoma metastases","volume":"12","author":"Morvillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.1995.tb00654.x","article-title":"Atypical androgen receptor in the human melanoma cell line IIB-MEL-J","volume":"8","author":"Morvillo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45324-w","article-title":"Androgen drives melanoma invasiveness and metastatic spread by inducing tumorigenic fucosylation","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.330","article-title":"Androgen receptor promotes melanoma metastasis via altering the miRNA-539-3p\/USP13\/MITF\/AXL signals","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2020.03.004","article-title":"Low Testosterone in Male Cancer Patients and Survivors","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sex Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15397-4","article-title":"Loss of testosterone impairs anti-tumor neutrophil function","volume":"11","author":"Markman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acuro.2015.03.004","article-title":"Behavior of total and free serum testosterone as a predictor for the risk of prostate cancer and its aggressiveness","volume":"39","author":"Regis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Actas Urol. Esp."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155267","article-title":"B7-H3 is associated with the armored-cold phenotype and predicts poor immune checkpoint blockade response in melanoma","volume":"256","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42239-w","article-title":"Androgen receptor is a determinant of melanoma targeted drug resistance","volume":"14","author":"Samarkina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"2892","article-title":"Androgen receptor stabilization in recurrent prostate cancer is associated with hypersensitivity to low androgen","volume":"61","author":"Gregory","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiegelman, B. (2017). Plasma Steroids and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Response to Regular Exercise. Hormones, Metabolism and the Benefits of Exercise, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72790-5"}],"container-title":["Cancers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/21\/3414\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T05:11:36Z","timestamp":1761455496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/17\/21\/3414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":225,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cancers17213414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17213414","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6694"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6694","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]}}}